Human Physiology and Immunity Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering respiratory, digestive, and immune systems based on lecture notes.

Diaphragm contraction

Causes an increase in volume and a decrease in pressure, resulting in inhalation.

Increased CO₂

Leads to a decrease in pH, which causes an increase in ventilation.

Decreased alveolar surface area

Leads to a decrease in gas exchange.

Thicker alveolar wall

Leads to a decrease in diffusion.

Damaged villi

Leads to a decrease in absorption.

Decreased pancreatic bicarbonate

Causes the small intestine to become too acidic.

Decreased bile

Leads to a decrease in fat digestion and absorption.

Damaged CD4 / helper T cells

Leads to a decrease in adaptive immune coordination.

CD8 T cells

Cells that kill infected body cells.

B cells

Cells that become plasma cells and produce antibodies.

Second pathogen exposure

Results in a faster and stronger response because of memory cells.

Pathway of air

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

Alveoli

Structures where O₂ enters blood and CO₂ leaves.

Pathway of food

Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus.

Small intestine

Site responsible for digestion and absorption.

Large intestine

Site responsible for water absorption.

Liver

Organ that makes bile.

Gallbladder

Organ that stores bile.

Pancreas

Organ that gives enzymes and bicarbonate.

Innate immunity

Fast and nonspecific immune response.

Adaptive immunity

Specific immune response characterized by memory.