Final exam

Science of Anatomy

Body structure and form, structure vs function (to cut or dissect)

Science of physiology

function/process of living things

Gross/macroscopic anatomy

No microscope needed (regional, systematic, surface, comparative)

Microscopic anatomy

Microscope needed (cytology, histology)

Characteristics common to all organisms

Organization, metabolism, growth/development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction

Regions of the body

Cephalic, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, cervical, upper extremity, lower extremity

Body cavities and their subdivisions

Dorsal cavity, ventral cavity

Dorsal cavity subdivisions

Cranial cavity (brain), Vertebral cavity/canal (spinal)

Ventral cavity subdivions

Thoracic cavity, diaphragm, abdominopelvic cavity

Serous membranes

Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within the cavities

Serous membrane functions

Oily lubricate, reduces friction

Inner layer of serous membranes

Visceral (covers organ)

Outer layer of serous membrane

Parietal (lines body wall)

Pericardium

Around the heart

Pleura

Lungs-thoracic cavity

Peritoneum

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic regions

Umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric, left and right hypochondriac, left and right lumbar, left and right iliac

Right hypochondriac region

Top left

Right lumbar region

Middle left

Right iliac region

Bottom left

Epigastric region

Top middle

Umbilical region

Middle

Hypogastric region

Bottom middle

Left hypochondriac region

Top right

Left lumbar region

Middle right

Left iliac region

Bottom right

Four quadrants of abdominopelvic region

Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Matter

Has mass and occupies space (solid, liquid, gas)

Arrangement of elements on periodic table based on atomic number

Chemical elements arranged from left to right in order of increasing atomic number

Structure of an atom

Protons neutrons in center, electrons on outside rings

Covalent bonds

When both atoms need electrons so they SHARE them

Single bonded covalent bond

Sharing one electron pair

Least stable

Double bonded covalent bond

Sharing 2 electron pairs

Triple bonded covalent bonds

Sharing 3 electron pairs

Most stable

Neutralization

When acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral pH (7)

Acids are neutralized by…

Adding a base

Bases are neutralized by…

Adding an acid

DNA made of

Adenine- Thyamine, Cyostine- Guanine

RNA made of

Adenine-Uracil, Cyostine-Guanine

Structure of amino acids and proteins

Amino acids are linked together within a protein

Molecules that function in chemical energy storage

Triglycerides (long term storage), Glucose (stores glycogen), ATP (produced continuously, cant be stored for more than a few seconds)

Catabolism

Energy released via decomposition reaction

Anabolism

Energy stored via dehydration synthesis

Enzymes structural components

Proteins comprised of amino acids linked together in polypeptide chains

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Most enzymes are globular proteins, amino acids build proteins

Effectors of temperature of enzymes

Enzymes function best at optimal temp (37C, 98.6F), moderate fever (101F) results in more flexible and efficient enzyme activity, severe increase in temp (>104F) leads to denaturation

Effectors of pH on enzymes

Between pH of 6 and 8 is optimal, enzymes lose shape (denaturation) with changes in Ph

Decrease in pH

More acidic

Increase in pH

More basic

Four stages of glucose oxidation

Glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system

Glycolysis occurs where

In cytosol, no oxygen required

Intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, electron transport system occur where

In mitochondria, requires oxygen

Metabolic pathway of citric acid cycle

Energy is transferred to form 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, formed during one turn of the cycle (acetyl CoA converted to two CO2 molecules and CoA molecule released)

Shape of cells

Irregular shaped, bioncave disc, cube-shaped, column-shaped, spherical, cylindrical

General functions cells perform

Maintain integrity and shape of cell, obtain nutrients and form building blocks, dispose of wastes, cell division

Lipid components

Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids

Phospholipid

Ensure cytosol remains inside cell, ensures interstitial fluid remains outside

Cholesterol

Stabilizes membrane from temperature extremes

Glycolipids

Help form glycocalyx “sugar coating”

Two types of membrane proteins

Integral proteins, Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

Hydrophilic, Intrinsic, Insoluble

Peripheral proteins

Extrinsic, Soluble

Primary active transport

Uses energy directly from breakdown of ATP, needs energy to occur

Secondary active transport

Uses energy from movement of second substance (piggy backing of movement already happening)

Endocytosis

Cellular uptake of large substances from external environment

Phagocytosis

Cellular eating, occurs when cell engulfs large particle external to cell

Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking, internalization of droplets of interstitial fluid containing dissolved solutes

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Uses receptors on plasma membrane to bind molecules within interstitial fluid and bring molecules into cell (something lands on receptor, brought in to be broken down)

Cilia and flagella

Extensions of plasma membrane involved in movement, shorter and more numerous than flagella

Cilia

Enclosed in plasma membrane, found in linings of respiratory tract (trachea), moves mucus toward throat

Flagella

Propels cell, only in males, sperm cell

Cell layers

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Cell shape

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Nonciliated simple columnar

Lines digestive tract from stomach and anal canal

Ciliated simple columnar

Lines bronchioles and uterine tubes

Keritinized stratified squamous

Epidermis (cells dead)

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Vagina (cells alive)

Ciliated pseudostratified

Large passageways of respiratory tract

Nonciliated pseudostratified

Protective functions

Transitional epithelium

Urinary tract, bladder

Simple squamous

Lines blood vessels and air sacs, permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, gases

Simple cuboidal

Lines kidney tubules and glands. secretes reabsorbs water and small molecules

Simple columnar

Lines most digestive organs. absorbs nutrients, produces mucus

Stratified squamous

Outer layer of skin, mouth, vagina. protects against abrasion, drying out, infection

Stratified cuboidal

Lines ducts of sweat glands. Secretes water and ions

Stratified columnar

Lines epididymus, mammary glands, larynx. secretes mucus

Types of connective tissues

Loose CT, Dense CT, Supporting CT, Fluid CT

Loose CT

Areolar CT, Adipose CT, Reticular CT

Areolar CT

Papillary layer of dermis, subcutaneous layer

Adipose CT

Subcutaneous layer

Reticular CT

Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Dense CT

Dense regular CT, Dense irregular CT, Elastic CT

Dense regular CT

Tendons; ligaments

Dense irregular CT

Dermis, epimysium, epineurium, periosteum, perichondirum, cartilage covering organs

Elastic CT

Walls of arteries, trachea, vocal cords

Supporting CT

Cartilage, Bone

Cartilage

Fibrocartilage, Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Hyaline cartilage

Nose, trachea, larynx, plates

Bone

Bones of body

Fluid CT

Blood