biology week 2 term 1 part 1

parts of a cell and their functions

cells

Shape and define the human body's appearance and roles

organelles

Distinct components inside cells .

organelles

Each carries out unique roles essential for cell function .

protoplasm

The various substances that constitute a cell are collectively known as ___

water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, electrolytes

the protoplasm primarily consists of these 5 things

water

making up about 70 - 80% of the cell's content.

electrolytes

including key ions such as Sodium (Na⁺), Potassium (K⁺), Magnesium (Mg²⁺), Calcium (Ca²⁺), Phosphate, Chloride (Cl⁻), and Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻).

plasma membrane/cell membrane

The protective outer layer that controls what enters and exits the cell.

cytoplasm

The gel-like substance housing organelles

nucleus

The command center containing genetic material and regulating cellular activities.

plasma membrane

is a thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell .

phospholipid bilayer

what do you call the two layers of lipids in a cell membrane

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

the lipids that construct the cell membrane have two parts. what are those?

integral

what do you call the the proteins that are EMBEDDED in the cell membrane?

peripheral

what do you call the proteins that are attached ON THE SURFACE of the cell membrane?

plasma membrane

Connects nearby cells with junctions to form tissues

cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism - population - community - ecosystem - biome - biosphere

what is the cell organization (yung mahaba)

cytoplasm

A dense, jelly-like, semi- transparent substance present in both plant and animal cells

cytosol

the watery component of the cytoplasm that surrounds all organelles and contains a unique set of proteins

cytoplasmic inclusions

what do you call the stored substances of the cytoplasm

cytoplasm

Enclosed by the plasma membrane, it houses numerous organelles within eukaryotic cells, which are characterized by having a membrane-bound nucleus.

cytosol

It makes up nearly 70% of the entire cell's volume.

cytoskeletal fibers, organic compounds, salts, and water

the cytosol is primarily composed of what? (4)

hint: my skeleton, the vegan teacher, and a little bit of this and that

mitochondria

Discovered by Roelliker in 1850 as tiny granules in muscle .

roelliker in 1850

who discovered the mitochondia AAANNNDN when?

mitochondria

Known as the cell's powerhouse .

5-12 ampere long and 0.5-1 ampere wide

what is the mitochondira’s size

outermost membrane

(part of the mitochondria) Contains porins, proteins forming channels for molecules ≤5000 daltons; has enzymes for biological oxidation

in other words, the OUTERMOST part of the mitochondria

mitochondrial matrix

(part of the mitochondria) HOLDS enzymes for the citric acid cycle and respiratory chain oxidation.

mitochondrial matrix/inner matrix

(part of the mitochondria) Hosts major PATHWAYS for oxidizing carbs, lipids, amino acids, plus biosynthesis of urea and heme.

inner membrane

(part of the mitochondria) Contains ATPase and enzymes for ATP production and metabolism.

inner membrane

(part of the mitochondria) Holds enzymes for the Electron Transport Chain.

mitochondria

oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP. (in other words, energy for the cell)

thermogenesis

the production of heat

endoplasmic reticulum

Network of TUBULAR and flat SACS in the cytoplasm.

in other words, it’s like a maze of tubes and sacs

cisternae

the endoplasmic reticulum is made of closed, flattened membrane sacs called ___?

endoplasmic matrix/cisternal space

Tubules (of the endoplasmic reticulum) contain ____ ____ inside.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

this type of endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes on its surface

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

type of endoplasmic reticulum that is responsible for producing lipids and steroid hormones.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

(type of endoplasmic reticulum) Studded with ribosomes, giving it a textured appearance.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

(type of endoplasmic reticulum) Functions as the site for protein synthesis, as well as the processing and packaging of these proteins.

golgi apparatus

Acts as the cell's packaging and distribution center.

secretory vescicles

(in golgi apparatus) membrane- bound structures that store hormones and enzymes within protein-secreting cells, effectively packaging these proteins for transport.

golgi apparatus

Serves as the origin point for lysosomes

250-750 nm

what is the size of lysosomes

5.0

the lysosome has pH ~ ___ , kept acidic by proton pumps .

lysosomes

Contain enzymes that work best in acid to BREAK DOWN materials .

lysosomes

Acts as the cell's digestive system, breaking down all macromolecules.

lysosomes

Causes self-destruction of dead cells, earning the name "Suicidal Bags."

0.5 ampere

what is the diameter of peroxisomes

peroxisomes

Breakdown and neutralization of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) within cells.

peroxisomes

Facilitates photorespiration processes in plant systems.

peroxisomes

Plays a key role in producing bile acids in the liver.

peroxisomes

Essential for the formation of plasmalogens, crucial components of the myelin sheath.

cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that not only supports the cell's shape but also enables it to adapt its form and move .

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

the cytoskeleton consists mainly of three components :

microtubules

(component of cytoskeleton) Hollow tubes about 25nm wide . Shape cells, help spindle contract, move chromosomes, centrioles, and enable cilia/flagella motion .

intermediate filaments

(component of cytoskeleton) -14nm wide, made of various proteins . Provide FLEXIBLE SUPPORT, resist pressure . Without them, cells RUPTURE easily ; defects cause blistering . Their proteins are cell -specific markers .

microfilaments

(component of cytoskeleton) Solid fibers 4 - 6nm wide, made of actin . Enable cell movement .

actin

what are microfilaments made of

cytoskeleton

Enable cellular locomotion and shape changes.

cytoskeleton

Facilitate the relocation of CHROMOSOMES during cell division.

cytosol

Site for the breakdown and transformation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids.