Parasitt credit 1: Metamonoda: Giardia (diplodida) and Trichomonas (trichomonadida)

1. What genus belongs to heteroxenous coccidea?

- Cystoispora
- Sarcocystis
- Toxoplasma
- Neospora

The infectious stage of cystoisporosis?

- Sporulated oocyst

- 2 sporocysts

- 8 sporozoits

Cystoisporosis of pigs caused by which genera?

- C. suis

- C. almaataenis

- C.neyrai,

all in small intestine

Cystoisporosis of cats caused by?

- C. felis

- C.rivolta (cati),

in small intestine

Cystoisporosis of dogs caused by?

- C. canis

- C.ohioenis

-C. burrowsi

Endogenous development of cystoispora felis in a parathenic host takes place?

In rodent mesenteric lymph nodes

Cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets?

Cystoispora suis

Sporulation of genus Sarcocystis occurs where?

Sporogony: endogenous inside the definitive host/final host (in small intestine).

Final hosts: carnivores and man.

Sarcocystis is transmitted by?

Predator-Prey life cycle:

The infective cysts containing bradyzoits is present in the muscle tissue of intermediate host.

The definitive host (carnivore or man) eats the meat and the sarcocyst with bradyzoits are transmitted.

Final host of sarcocystis is?

carnivores and man

Sporogony of sarcocysts is in?

lamina propria of final host (endogenous in small intestine of final host. Same as gamogony)

Merogony/Schizogony in sarcocystis occurs in?

intermediate host (herbivores, omnivores, birds)

Laboratory procedure for detection of sarcocysts in intermediate host?

ELISA of biopsy test, or post mortem digestive method to detect microcysts, histology or meat inspection to detect the macrocyst. (for detection in DH, sporulated cyst in feces is detected by flotation method (2 sporocysts, 8 sporozoites)

What is intravital diagnosis of sarcocystis?

- Biopsy of specimen
- Serological test

Cryptosporidium vs Sarcocystis?

Both: endogenous sporogony.
- Cryptosporidium: one host
- Sarcocystis: 2 hosts

Intermediate and definitive host in Sarcocystis cruzi/bovicanis?

- IH: bovine

- DH: dog

Intermediate H and Final H of Neospora?

- Inter H: eq, cow -> abortion. - Final H: dog

The development stages of Toxoplasma gondii are localized in all kind of cells of the IH except?

Erythrocytes

Final host of Toxoplasma gondii is?

- FH: Cat
- IH: mammals, birds

Gamogony of toxoplasma gondii occurs in the small intestine of?

Cat (final host)

Merogony of toxoplasma gondii occurs in?

- Final host (cats intestine).
- Sporogony: external.

Pathology of Toxoplasma?

- Enteritis,
- lymphadenopathy,
- pneumonia,
- encephalitis,
- nephritis,
- anorexia,
- weight loss,
- lethargy,
- dyspnoea,
- ocular signs.
- Trophozoits diretly destroy host cells.
- Lymph node infection, - local hypersensitivity,
- blood vessel blockage,
- abortions,
- stillbirth,
- choriotinitis,
- hydrocephalicus

SKJER IKKE AT EG HUSK ALT D HÆR!!!!

Size of oocyst of Toxoplasma?

10-12 micrometers
- 2 sporocysts
- 8 sporozoits

How are humans infected by toxoplasma gondii?

- Ingestion of sporulated oocysts,

- pseudocysts/tachyzoits or tissue cyst/bradyzoites (undercooked or raw meat),

- contaminated water,

- contact with cat feces,

- raw vegetables,

- transplacental infection,

- congenital infection,

- organ transplant

- blood transfusion

What are the differences of tachyzoites and bradyzoites of toxoplasma gondii?

Motile coccidians

Tachyzoites:

- active replicating stage,

- divide fast

- found in pseuocysts in various tissues

Bradyzoites:

- dormant stage,

- divide slower

- found in tissue cysts in myocard, CNS and skeletal muscle

Phylum of trichomonas?

parabasala

Which genera belong to the order trichomonadida?

Trichomonas and Histomonas

According to number of anterior flagella, trichomonas are divided into:

- Ditrichomonas
- Tritrichomonas
- Tetratrichomonas
- Pentatrichomonas

Who has hydrogenosomes?

trichomonas spp.

The solid axis of the trichomonad cell forms?

Axostyle

Trichomonas reproduce by?

binary fission

How many flagella has trichomonas foetus?

3 anterior, 1 (free) posterior

Tritrichomonas foetus is transmitted by?

intercourse and artificial insemination
(infected bulls = in reproductive tract)

Diagnosis of trichomoniosis?

T. Foetus in cows:
- vaginal and preputial samples
- Direct detection by microscopy
- culturing in diamonds medium (2-4 days)
- PCR.

Intravital diagnosis of bird trichomonosis is done by?

microscopy: swab of pharynx and crop mucosa

Way of transmission of tetratrichomonas gallinarum in birds?

feeding of young birds (contaminated water or food)

Location of Histomonas meleagridis?

Liver and cecum

Pathology of histomonas, What are its lesions?

- Mucopurulent typhilitis
- Purulent hepatitis
- Black head diseaseLesions:
- Perforation in cecum and liver
- Large inflamed cecum
- Yellow diarrhea
- Droopiness

What causes black head disease?

Histomonas meleagridis (in birds)

Where does histomonas reproduce?

cecal epithelium

Vector of histomonas meleagridis?

Heterakis gallinarum (roundworm - infect Birds)

Where is flagellated form of histomonas?

inside lumen and cecum

A protozoan cyst that contains four nuclei, median body and axonemes should be identified as?

Giardia duodenalis

For diagnosis of giardiosis we use what flotation solution?

Zinc sulphate (FAUST)

Giardia divides by?

binary fission

Giardia intestinalis (G. Duodenalis) is located where?

extracellularly

Giardia intestinalis/duodenalis belongs to which order?

Diplomonadida

Location of giardia in the host?

Attached to intestinal villi of small intestine

Pathology of Giardia?

Epithelial damage when trophozoite attaches to intestinal villi:
- Shortening of villi
- inflammation of crypts and lamina propria
- Lesions of mucosal cells
- Malabsorption
- enzyme deficiencies

2 forms of Giardia:

Trophozoites:

- vegetative stage

- pear shaped

- jejunum

- adhesive disc

Cyst:

- infective stage

- 4 nuclei

- 8-14 micrometer

- feces

Way of transmittion of giardia?

Contaminated water or food

Identification method of Giardia intestinalis?

- Flotation method with FAUST (cysts)

- Detection of coproantigen by rapid tests, ELISA, PCR

How many free flagellae has Tritrichomonas foetus?

3

Diagnosis of Sarcocytosis in Inter H

Digestive method

Final host of G. Ardeae

Bird

Picture, name and describe

Giardia cyst:
- Oval
- 4 nuclei
- 8-14 micrometer
- Feces
- thick, smooth wall
- Color: light brown/greenish (iodine or trichrome stains)

Picture, Name and describe

Sarcocystis - Musculocyst:
- in muscle of intermediate host
- 5-10 micrometers
- typical apicomplexa organelles are present
- Infective stage: definite host is infected by eating