CO2 transport [2]

what step in gas exchange in lungs: In the lungs, CO2 diffuses from the RBCs and plasma into the alveoli

1

what step in gas exchange in lungs: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the formation of CO2 and H2O from carbonic acid (H2CO3 )

2

what step in gas exchange in lungs: Bicarbonate ions (HCO3 - ) and H+ combine to replace H2CO3

3

what step in gas exchange in lungs: In the chloride shift, as HCO3 - diffuse into the RBC, electrical neutrality is maintained by the diffusion of chloride ions (Cl- ) out of them

4

what step in gas exchange in lungs: Oxygen diffuses into the plasma and into RBCs. Some of the O2 remains in the plasma. O2 binds to Hb

5

what step in gas exchange in lungs: H+ are released from Hb, which promotes the uptake of O2 by Hb (Bohr effect)

6

what effect: H+ released from Hb which promotes uptake of O2 by Hb

Bohr effect

what step in gas exchange in lungs: CO2 is released from Hb. Hb that is bound to O2 readily releases CO2 (Haldane effect)

7

what effect: CO2 is released from Hb. Hb that is bound to O2 readily releases CO2

Haldane

this effect describes how O2 concentrations determine Hb’ affinity for CO2

haldane

this effect describes how CO2 and H+ affect HB’ affinity for O2

Bohr effect

this level of ___in the blood is the most important influence on the regulation of ventilation.

CO2

the 2 waste products created in the regulation of ventilation

H2O

CO2

this is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Inside mitochondria

aerobic respiration

this is the process by which cells that do not breathe oxygen liberate energy from fuel to power their life functions.

anaerobic respiration

this is an Increase in minute ventilation that leads to rapid decrease in alveolar pco2 that will immediately be reflected in a diminished arterial pco2 and increase ph

acute alveolar hyperventilation

acute alveolar hyperventilation leads to

respiratory alkalosis

this Usually results from stimulation of CNS’s respiratory centers due to hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis or direct CNS actions

acute alveolar hyperventilation

this is when Central CO2 stores must abruptly increase when lung excretion CO2 suddenly diminishes relation to the CO2 production.

acute ventilatory failure

acute ventilatory failure leads to

respiratory acidosis

this is when co2 excretion exceeds co2 production for significant periods of time.

depletion of peripheral CO2 stores

how long does Skeletal muscle depletion of co2 stores occur

few hours

how long does bone depletion take

several days

The repletion of co2 stores requires that co2 production be

greater than co2 excretion

increase CO2 production & delivery to the lungs occur in [5]

fever

sepsis

bicarbonate administration

increased metabolic rate

seizures

this is the main factor affecting alveolar PCO2

alveolar ventilation

in respiratory alkalosis, what happens to metabolism

slows down

-if the VA is reduced to ½, PACO2 would be

80 mmHg

this is the direct relationship between alveolar PCO2 and body metabolism

metabolic rate

decreased CO2 production and delivery to the lungs causes [5]

hypothermia

pulmonary hypoperfusion

cardiac arrest

hemorrhage

hypotension

The amount of CO2 produced by cell metabolism in mitochondria depends on the [4]

rate of metabolism

carbohydrate

fat

protein metabolized

CO2 in peripheral cells diffuse where?

into blood

CO2 in blood will diffuse into ?

pulmonary capillaries