CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

__ structure: thick, elastic

Arteries

__ structure: Thin, valves

Veins

__ structure: 1 cell thick

Capillaries

__ function: carry blood away (high pressure)

Arteries

__ function: Carry low blood pressure (low pressure)

Veins

__ function: Exchange gases and nutrients

Capillaries

__ __-beats per min

Heart rate

__ __-blood per beat

Stroke volume

__ __-blood per min (HR x SV)

Cardiac output

__ function: carry oxygen to living tissue

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes-contain protein called __ which mixes with oxygen to make oxyhemoglobin

Haemoglobin

__ function: Destroy and remove pathogens

Leukocytes

Leukocytes-Originate in __ __ and is stored in the blood

Bone marrow

__ function: Function as a clotting mechanism

Thrombocytes

Thrombocytes-Platelets are disc-shaped cell fragments produced in __ __

Bone marrow

__ function: Liquid that holds all the blood cells

Plasma

Plasma-Made up of 90% water as well as __

Electrolytes

__-Responsible for the distribution and redistribution of heat within the body

Thermoregulation

THERMOREGULATION-__:Relaxing of involuntary muscles (increase in diameter) Allowing more blood flow. __ the body temp

Vasodilation, decreasing

THERMOREGULATION-__: Blood vessels can temporarily limit blood flow. Decreases diameter of blood vessels. Results in __ body temp

Vasoconstriction, increased

REMOVAL WASTE PRODUCTS-Circulatory system carries waste products from tissue to the __ and __ and returns carbon dioxide to the __

kidneys, liver, lungs

REMOVAL WASTE PRODUCTS-Without the removal of CO2 and lactate muscles will __

Fatigue

__ __- Referred to as the hearts pacemaker, located in the right __

Sinoatrial node, atrium

Sinoatrial node-Sends __ through the walls of the atrium causing the muscle wall to contract, this forces blood down into the __

Signals, ventricles

__ __- Located in the centre of the heart, acts as gate to ___ signals from the SAN

Atrioventricular node, slows down

SPORT RESPONSES-__: increased heart rate prior to exercise

Anticipatory response

SPORT RESPONSES-__: When the body has detected that exercise had begun

Increased heart rate

SPORT RESPONSES-__: Heart rate x stroke volume

Increased cardiac output

SPORT RESPONSES-__: The pressure exerted against arterial walls increases during exercise

Increased blood pressure

SPORT RESPONSES-__: The working muscles take higher priority than less active organs

Redirection of blood flow

FACTORS AFFECTING- __: an increased body temperature due to the inability of the body’s heat regulation system to work properly

Hyperthermia

FACTORS AFFECTING- __: the decrease in body temperature to below 35C, due to the inability of the body’s heat regulation to produce heat

Hypothermia

LONG TERM ADAPTATION: __- Increased heart size, increased strength of contraction, increased volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle

Cardiac hypertrophy

LONG TERM ADAPTATION: __- Due to the heart getting stronger, less force exerted on vessel walls as blood is pumped to the body

Reduced resting blood pressure

LONG TERM ADAPTATION: __- Increased amount of blood ejected by the heart per beat, increased efficiency to deliver oxygen and get rid of CO2

Increased stroke volume

LONG TERM ADAPTATION: __- The amount of blood in the body increases, results from increased capillarisation

Increased blood volume

LONG TERM ADAPTATION: __- Where the body, including heart rate and breathing rate, returns back to resting levels after repaying oxygen debt

Decreased heart rate recovery time

LONG TERM ADAPTATION: __- Increased number of capillaries, increased silvery of oxygen and removal of C02/lactic acid

Capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli

LONG TERM ADAPTATION: __- A by-product of the heart undergoing hypertrophy

Decreased heart rate

NERVOUS CONTROL- __: produces an electrical stimulus, resulting in the atria contracting

Sinoatrial node

NERVOUS CONTROL- __: Enables the ventricles to completely fill with blood by delaying the stimulus until after AV valves shut

Atroventricular node

NERVOUS CONTROL- __: Group of conduction cells, which branch into Purkinje fibres

Bundle of his

NERVOUS CONTROL- __: In the ventricular wall, conducted the electrical impulse from the bundle of His and cause ventricular contraction

Purkinje fibres

__ system: speeds up HR via accelerator nerve, releases adrenaline

Sympathetic

__ system: slows down HR via vagus nerve

Parasympathetic