U1: CH1, EVERYTHING

7 characteristics of all living things

composed of cells, complex structural arrangement, detects and responds to stimuli, maintains a relatively stable internal environment, grows in size, develops physical maturation, has offspring through reproduction, and has metabolism

metabolism

all essential chemical processes occurring in cells

anabolic metabolism

building up

catabolic metabolism

breaking down

respiration

the chemical process of oxygen being obtained from the atmosphere and delivered to the cardiovascular system as carbon dioxide is removed.

processes of life

respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion

digestion

the mechanical and chemical process to convert ingested food into simple absorbable substances

circulation

the internal movement and distribution of oxygen, wastes, and digestion products

excretion

the process of undigested food and wastes from metabolism being eliminated from body

anatomy

“a cutting open” the study of structures of the body and physical relationships among body parts

gross/macroscopic anatomy

large structures and features usually visible with unaided eye

dissecting microscope

can see tissues

light microscope

can see basic cell structure

electron miscroscope

can see individual molecule

microscope strength rank

1. electron microscope

2. light microscope

3. dissecting microscope

physiology

the study of how organisms perform vital functions, focused on functional properties, more difficult to examine than anatomical structures

physiology topics example

electrical events within the heart coordinating its heartbeats and pressure changes

chemical level example of how structure and function are interrelated 1

cells communicating to cellular receptors using specifically shaped molecules called chemical messengers

William Harvey

demonstrated that heart valves worked on same principles as valves in coal mine water pumps, proves that living systems are subject to laws of physics and chemistry

six levels of organization

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

atoms

smallest stable units of matter, combine to form molecules, functional properties of molecule determined by shape and atomic components

composition of chemical level

composed of atoms combined to form molecules

composition of organelle

composed of combined molecules

organelle function example

a mitochondrion providing energy for heart muscle cell contraction

composition of cellular level

composed of organelles combined to form cells

cells

smallest living units in the body, functions depend on organelles that have a specific function

tissue level/tissue

group of cells working together to perform specific functions

tissue example

heart muscle cells from cardiac muscle tissue

organ level/organ

composed of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

organ example

layers of cardiac muscle tissue and connective tissue forming the heart

organ system level/organ systems

consist of interacting organs

organ system example

the heart working with blood vessels and blood to form the cardiovascular system

organism level/organism

the highest level of organization, collection of organ systems working together to maintain life and health

free living cells

smallest living structures

most of what are multicellular, contains thousands to billions of cells

plants and animals

cells in the human body

trillions, estimated amount of 200 different types, measured in micrometers, vary greatly in size

cell theory

the foundation of modern biology

3 basic principles of the cell theory

1. cells are structural building blocks of plants and animals

2. cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells

3. cells are smallest structural units that perform all vital functions

histology

the study of tissues

primary tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue

most common tissue, forms a barrier with specific properties, covers every exposed body surface, lines digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, inner surfaces of blood vessels and heart, and surrounds internal cavities

connective tissue

diverse in appearance but all forms contain cells surrounded by extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix

surrounds, supports, and gives structure to cells and tissues in the body

composition of matrix

protein fibers and ground substance (liquid)

amount and consistency of matrix varies by what

varies by particular connective tissue type: blood (watery matrix) and bone (crystallized matrix with little ground substance)

muscle tissue

has the ability to contract forcefully

major functions of muscle tissue

skeletal movement, soft tissue support, maintenance of blood flow, movement of materials internally, and stabilization of body temperature

muscle tissue types

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal muscle tissue

usually attached to the skeleton, moves or stabilizes position of skeletal and internal organs

cardiac muscle tissue

found only in the heart, propels blood through blood vessels

smooth muscle tissue

found in blood vessel walls, within glands, and along respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

nervous tissue

specialized to carry information or instructions within the body

nervous tissue types

neurons and neuroglia

neurons

nerve cells that transmit information in the form of electrical impulses

neuroglia

supporting cells that isolate and support neurons, and form supporting framework

neurons/nerve cells

transmit information in form of electrical impulses

neural tissue locations within the body

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

nerves connecting central nervous system with other tissues and organs

organ system

consists of organs that interact to perform a specific range of functions, often in coordinated fashion, 11 systems, all dependent on each other, none in isolation

integumentary system

protects the body from environmental hazards and helps control body temperature

integumentary system organs/structures

cutaneous membrane, hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, and hypodermis

composition of cutaneous membrance

composed of epidermis and dermis

epidermis

covers surface, protects deeper tissues

dermis

nourishes epidermis, provides strength, contains glands

hair follicles

produces hair, innervation provides sensation

composition of hair follicles

composed of hairs and sebaceous glands

sebaceous glands

secretes lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

sweat glands

produces perspiration for evaporative cooling

nails

protects and stiffens distal tips of digits

sensory receptors

provides sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

hypodermis

stores lipids and attaches skin to deeper structures

skeletal system

provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells

skeletal system organs/structures

bones, cartilages, joints, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and bone marrow

axial skeleton

composed of skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, and ligaments

axial skeleton

protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity, supports the body weight of lower limbs

composition of appendicular skeleton

composed of limbs and supporting bone ligaments

appendicular skeleton

provides internal support and positioning of the limbs, supports and moves axial skeleton

bone marrow

primary site of blood cell production (red marrow) and stores energy in fat cells (yellow marrow)

muscular system

produces movement, provides support, and generates heat

muscular system organs/structures

skeletal muscles, tendons, aponeuroses

skeletal muscles

provides skeletal movement, produces heat, supports skeleton, protects soft tissues, controls entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts, controls exits from digestive and urinary tracts

appendicular system

provides internal support and positioning of the limbs, supports and moves axial skeleton

axial muscles

supports and positions axial skeleton

appendicular muscles

supports, moves, and braces limbs

tendons, aponeuroses

uses force to contract and perform specific tasks

nervous system

provides rapid control and regulation and coordinates activities of other organ systems

central nervous system

the control center for the nervous system, processes information, and provides short term control over activities of other systems

nervous system organs/structures

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system

composition of central nervous system (CNS)

brain, spinal cord, special senses

brain

performs complex integrative functions and controls both voluntary and involuntary activities

spinal cord

relays information to and from integrative activities

special senses

provides sensory input to the brain, relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium

peripheral nervous system

links central nervous system with other systems and with sense organs

endocrine system

secretes chemical messenger, directs long term changes in other systems

endocrine system organs/stuctures

pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads

pineal gland

may control timing of reproduction and day-night rhythms

pituitary gland

controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth and fluid balance

thyroid gland

controls tissue metabolic rate and regulate calcium levels

parathyroid gland

regulates calcium levels with thyroid gland