MDE172 Philosophy Exam Questions Flashcards

Flashcards based on MDE172 Philosophy exam questions.

According to Alfred North Whitehead, what human characteristic does philosophy reveal alongside science?

curiosity

According to Adam Smith, why is science 'the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm superstition'?

because it's based on evidence

Which branch of philosophy studies existence, its principles, bases, categories, as well as matter and the material world?

Ontology

Which branch of philosophy studies cognition and the cognitive problems?

Epistemology

What is the correct order for the main concepts of philosophy?

Genesis, Principle, Category, Law, Definition

Which school of Ancient Greek philosophy taught that everything in the world began from basic elements like water, air, fire, or the Apeiron-small particles?

Miletus

What single word best expresses the main idea of the philosophy of life, based on the understanding of life and death?

Purpose

Which Renaissance philosopher believed that 'the people are a capricious and stupid beast' and wrote the book City of the Sun?

Tommaso Campanella

Which method of thinking or cognition is reflected in the Russian proverb 'Measure seven times, cut once'?

Induction

Which philosopher of the Modern time philosophy promoted the theory of dualism and the method of reasonable doubt?

Rene Descartes

Which Modern time philosopher denied the existence of material substance and claimed that only minds and their ideas are all that exist?

George Berkeley

Which philosopher of the Modern time philosophy replaced rational justification with a naturalistic explanation, aiming to shift philosophy from rationalism to naturalism?

David Hume

Which historical period in the philosophy of science is associated with promoting literacy and the spread of knowledge?

Enlightenment philosophy

Which method or approach in cognitive philosophy or cognitive science aligns with Baruch de Spinoza's idea that the human mind becomes more intelligent through increased activity and contact?

Experience

Which Enlightenment philosopher offered an analysis of propositions, such as the example stating that while it is a contradiction to deny the essential truth that Adam was the first man, it is not a contradiction to deny that Adam ever existed?

Gottfried Leibniz

What are the key elements or requirements of Blaise Pascal's method of mechanical rationalism?

specifying “heart argument” and “brain argument”

Who was the inventor of the first mechanical calculator?

Blaise Pascal

Which Enlightenment philosopher developed a philosophical vocabulary and supported the monarchy?

Voltaire

Which Enlightenment philosopher identified two types of governmental power— sovereign and administrative—and proposed dividing administrative power into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial?

Charles-Louis de Montesquieu

What is defined as a complex society marked by the emergence of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication that go beyond spoken or signed language?

Civilization

According to Kant's philosophy, what are the main components or faculties of the human mind (brain)?

intuition and logic

Which aspect of cognitive study relates to the idea that the world exists independently of human consciousness?

Pure reason

What philosopher said the following statement "What is real is rational– what is rational is real”?

Georg Hegel

Which principles or laws of classical German philosophy correspond to discipline and self-regulation?

Law transition from quantitative to qualitative changes

Which principle of German classical philosophy aligns with the so-called 'boomerang law'?

Law of the categorical imperative

Which Kazakh philosophers decided to fight against the inevitable death?

Korkyt-ata

Which branch of philosophy focuses on the study of values?

Axiology

Which Kazakh philosopher advocated for secular education?

Ibrai Altynsarin

Which stage of cognition or the cognitive process are used by infants during their early days or months before they turn one year old?

Sensation

How can the opening of America as a country or territory be described in terms of the cognitive process? Which type of cognitive process does it represent?

Discovery

What is the meaning of the word 'Philosophy' literally?

Love to wisdom

What is the main focus or subject of study in philosophy?

Science of principles of existence, cognition, human relation and life

What category of belief do documents like laws, rules, and constitutions belong to?

Legal belief

From the perspective of epistemology and the thinking process, what relates to the Essence of a science fiction (sci-fi) book?

Content

Which option is not related to the form of thinking?

Conclusion

What concept corresponds to the word of Eureka?

Insight

Which cognitive method begins with the formulation of a hypothesis or statement?

Deduction

What method of cognition did the young scientist use to obtain a persistent aroma of mountain flowers in perfume?

Induction

Which philosopher-epistemologist held the belief that 'Every event must have a cause'?

Immanuel Kant

According to Georg Hegel, what is the sequence or order of stages in the cognitive learning process?

Being-nothing-becoming

What is considered as a philosophical category that identifying as a relationship between thought and reality, significant for people?

Value

Which philosopher claimed that the ontological nature of existence is one, unchanging, fixed, and intelligible?

Parmenides

What can be considered as an attribute for the smartphone?

Motherboard

Which ancient civilization (country from Ancient Philosophy) officially embraced the concepts of liberation from suffering through overcoming karma and attaining nirvana?

India

Which branch or school of ancient philosophy focused on the right to education through the assimilation of rituals, ceremonies, courtesy, and respect?

Chinese philosophy

Which branch or stage of ancient philosophy was shaped by the influence of mythology and the early development of science?

Greek philosophy

Which fundamental concept in ancient philosophy advocated for and described the ascetic way of life?

Jainism

Which fundamental concept holds that the rights of every human life are determined by a heaven?

Confucianism

Which school of Ancient Greece taught that the origin of all things is numbers?

Pythagoreans

Which Ancient Greek philosopher claimed that ideas or paradigms come first, and the physical world is secondary?

Plato

Which Medieval philosopher believed that there is one truth, but at least two ways to achieve it: through philosophy and through religion?

Ibn-Rushd

Which Medieval philosopher promoted the ideas of Sufism?

Khoja Ahmed Yassawi

Which Medieval philosopher wrote about politics, social structure, and systems of governance in works such as Civil Politics and The Principles of the Opinions of the Citizens of the Virtuous City?

Al-Farabi

Who examined the development of the Western education system in the 8th–9th centuries from the perspectives of nominalism and realism?

Scholastics

What are keywords of the Philosophy of Life or Meaning of Life?

Aim, goal, purpose

What type of professions has highest life longevity according to the Aleksey Sitnikov (psychologist) opinion?

Breeders of agricultural crops

What is the basic principle of the Renaissance philosophy?

Transition from feudalism and development of capitalism

What does not belong to the central principles of Renaissance philosophy?

Theism

Who did propose the idea of heliocentrism which says that the Sun is the center of the universe?

Nicolaus Copernicus

Who did propose the idea of the sovereignty of state in the Renaissance time firstly?

Jean Bodin

Who did propose firstly the idea of a strong secular state in the Renaissance time?

Niccolo Machiavelli

What is suit to the statement sounds like “It is okay to live a life others do not understand” in Philosophy of Life among points offered below?

Respect your way

What doctrine shows that the essence of its philosophy is the principle which was based on the belief to the infinite possibilities of man and his capacity to improve states that man has the crown of nature, he is in the center of the universe?

Humanism

What group is presenting Dante Alighieri with his work so-called “Divine Comedy” among outstanding humanists of the Renaissance time?

writers and poets

What is the central principle of modern philosophy or philosophy of new time?

Scientific centrism

Who came up with the basic laws of mechanics in the modern period of philosophy?

Newton

Who came up with the idea of a chemical element in modern times of philosophy?

Boyle

Who discovered the human circulatory system during the modern times of philosophy?

Harvey

Which philosopher of the modern philosophy promoted empirical scientific methods such as induction and famously declared that “Knowledge is power”?

Francis Bacon

Who promoted the rational method in science, particularly deduction, and authored the book “Discourse on Method” during the modern period of philosophy?

Rene Descartes

What are the three branches into which philosophy is divided, according to the views of Thomas Hobbes?

concerning the nature of matter, human psychology, politics

What is the best method of learning according Francis Bacon’s thoughts?

Observation

According to Thomas Hobbes, what are the two main components of psychological theory?

Sensation and motivation

Who believed that all our ideas come from experience and made this the main point of his theory?

John Locke

What corresponds to the central principle of Enlightenment philosophy?

to share knowledge and promote literacy

Which Enlightenment thinker believed that the human mind becomes more intelligent through activity and travel?

Baruch de Spinoza

Which option does not represent a natural right?

Rights to information

What are the three branches of government power that were identified and separated by the French lawyer Charles-Louis de Montesquieu?

the legislative, executive, and the judicial

What does not fit with the main principles of humanism?

Monism

What are the historical origins of humanism in terms of time and location?

In ancient Greek Philosophy

How is a complex society defined when it is characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond spoken or signed language?

Civilization

Which of the given terms does not relate to the concept of the 'thing-in-itself'?

Uniformity

Who proposed the concept of the 'thing-in-itself'?

Immanuel Kant

In Lecture 7, which term is most closely related to the internal understanding or perception of the 'thing-in-itself'?

Subject

According to Immanuel Kant, what must every event have?

Cause

According to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, which question is central to the issue of morality?

What should I do?

According to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, which question is central to the issue of metaphysics or cognitive process?

What do I know?

According to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, which question is central to the issue of religion?

What am I allowed to hope?

According to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, which question is central to the issue of anthropology?

What is a man?

Which logical principle in German philosophy states that a person should act in such a way that the maxim of their behavior could serve as a universal example?

Law of the categorical imperative

In which genres did Korkyt-ata contribute to literature and art?

Epic

What fear or challenge did Korkyt-ata struggle with throughout his life, leading him to stand against it?

Inevitable death

Who authored Kutadgu Bilig, the first encyclopedic work in the Turks language?

Yusuf Balasaguni

Why did people refer to Asan-Kaigy as "Sad Asan"?

because of a constant reflection

What words did Asan Kaigy address to Zhanibek Khan?

Without thinking about the future of the Kazakh people, you rejoice at temporary successes.

Who described the promised land of Zheruyuk as a place with abundant pastures, flowing rivers, a mild climate, rich wildlife, and a life free from grief, need, hostility, and oppression?

Asan-Kaigy

Which poet served as the chief advisor to the legendary Kazakh Khan Abylay?

Bukhar zhyrau

Which poet consistently called for unity and the formation of a strong, united Kazakh Khanate?

Bukhar zhyrau

Who among Kazakh poets is regarded as the founder of the satirical genre?

Dulat Babatayuly

Which of the mentioned words does not align with the core principles of the "Rukhani Zhangyru" state program?

revolutionary development