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Heredity
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Variation
demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings
Genetics
the scientific study of heredity and variation
Genes
the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA
Gametes (sperm and eggs)
are the reproductive cells that pass genes on to the next generation
Homologous chromosomes
the two chromosomes in each pair that carry the same genes at the same loci
Meiosis
cell division that creates gametes
Karyotype
an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell
Clone
a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent (from asexual reproduction)
Law of Segregation
when an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly
Phenotype
physical appearance
Genotype
genetic makeup (alleles)
Law of independent assortment
states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair during gamete formation
Incomplete dominance
the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
Codominance
two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
Multiple Alleles
when genes have more than two allelic forms
Sex-linked gene
A gene that is located on either sex chromosome
X-linked genes
What genes on the X chromosome are called
Pleiotropy
when most genes have multiple phenotypic effects
Quantitative characters
those that vary in population along a continuum/spectrum
Epistasis
when a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
Pedigree
a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
Note
Flashcard