Changing places

Locale

The place where something happens or is set, or that has particular events associated with it

Location

‘Where’ a place is, eg the coordinates on a map

Perception of place

The way in which place is viewed or regarded by people, can be influenced by media representation or personal experience

Place

Defined as location with meaning, can be meaningful to individuals in ways that are personal or subjective, feelings may be shared by a group/ a unique place that is connected to other places but is also self contained and disitnctive

Placemaking

The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate the social interaction and improve a communities quality of life

Sense of place

Refers to the subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place through experience and knowledge of a particular area

Homogenisation

The process of making things uniform or similar leading to places becoming indistinct from one another

Clone town

A term used to describe urban retail areas dominated by national and international chain stores

Placelessness

Reined by Edward Relph as the loos of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Glocalisation

A term used to describe products or services that are distributed globally but which are fashioned to appeal to the consumers in a local market

What three things make up ‘place’

Location, locale, sense of place

3 theoretical approaches to place

Descriptive, social constructionist, phenomenological

Descriptive approach to place

The idea that the world is a se of places and each place can be studied and is distinct

Social constructionist approach to place

Sees places as a product of a particular set of processes occurring at a particular time

Phenomenological approach to place

How an individual experiences a place, is a highly personal relationship between place and people

Geographers associated with social constructionist approach

Jon Anderson

Geographers associated with phenomenological approach

Yi Fu Tuan and Edward Relph

Material traces

Physical things that give a place meaning eg Nelson’s column in trafalgar square

Non material traces

Things that happened that give place meanings eg protests

Topophilia

A strong sense of place/ bond between people and place/ setting, coined by Yi Fu Tuan

What should places be understood as

Dynamic places that have no boundaries- Doreen massey

How is identity evidence within place

Localism, regionalism, nationalism

Localism

An affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place, rarely manifests itself in a political sense

What can localism be demonstrated by

NIMBYism- not in my back yard

NIMBYism

Occurs when people are reluctant to have their land developed upon- eg HS2

Regionalism

Consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a population that shares similarities

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a nation which creates a sense of national consciousness eg patriotism

Example of regionalism

Cornwall- Milton kernow, want to make Cornwall its own country as they have their own language, culture, identity, heritage and flag. The Bristol pound- local currency that can only be used within local independent businesses

Examples of localism

NIMBYism

Examples of nationalism

Tiananmen square, Parliament square, Tahrir square

Globalism

Mecca, Occupy movement - Wall Street

How has globalisation made place less important/ eroded identity

Forces of capitalism have eroded local cultures and produced identical places, homogenisation of places, urban sprawl as led to community less cities that are identical

What did James Kunstler say about globalisation

Every place is like no place in particular

What doe doreen Massey consider place to be

Dynamic with no boundaries and multiple identities

How do multi national corporations ‘break into’ local markets

Glocalisation- McDonald’s removed pork from menu in Muslim countries and beef in Hindu countries, opened more McCafe’s in areas with lots of coffee drinkers

How did Devon resist globalisation

2012 costa tried to open a branch in totnes, lots of backlash, in weeks of proposal ¾ of population signed petition agains it saying the would boycott any TNC to prevent becoming a clone town, prou of their independent coffee trade, costa backed down but in 2019 are Nero and coffee no.1 opened

Factors contributing to a feeling of belonging

Knowing people, feeling comfortable in environment, engaging in community, feeling safe, landscape/setting,religion, race, ethnicity, way of life culture, gender, language

3 factors that help identify importance of place

Identity, belonging, wellbeing

Insider perspective

Papel who fell as if they belong in a certain place and that it is their home

Outsider perspective

People who feel out of place in a certain place and that they don’t belong

What did Tim creswell say that can be related to insider and outsider perspectives

People, things and practices are strongly linked to particular places

Positionality

Factors such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, religion, politics and socio economic status that influence how we perceive places

Characteristics of insider perspectives

Born in location, accent, age, race, culture, recurring holiday place, sense of community, family relations

Characteristics o outsider perspectives

Different accent, age, race, religion, culture, are a visitor, minority group, unfammiliar

Social exclusion

Exclusion from society and feeling out of place or not belonging to a certain soicialty

What can cause social exclusion

Poverty, belonging to a minority group, homelessness, religion, disabilities, unemployment, sexuality, gender, race, age

Spatial exclusion

Areas that are excluded from society

What can cause spatial exclusion

Lack of investment, could be s pacific location eg pub, anti homeless infrastructure

Types of place

Near, far, experienced, media

Near places

Geographically close, familiar, personal experience of it frequent and representational exposure, may be where you live

Far places

Geographically far away, inaccessible, no emotional connection, familiarity or personal experience, may be viewed as exotic, foreign or differen

Experienced places

Places you h ave personally spent time in and expereinced

Media places

Places you have read, watched or heard about in media

How has globalisation changed near a and far places

Far places have become near as air travel and transport has become more widely available for things such as holidays- thee far places are now near and experienced rather than far and media

Topophilia

Love of a place

Topophobia

Hate of a place

How media influences our opinions of place

Slum dog millionaire movie- India as: dirty, slums, poverty, conflict, unsafe, overcrowded, cricket

The best exotic marigold hotel- India as: cultural, sunny, clean, fancy, rich

Happy Valley- Hebden Bridge- violent crime- police station shut down due to lack of crim

Character of place

Physical and human features that help t distinguish it from another place

How does physical a geography contribute to character of place

Rivers, hills, natural resources, geology- Cotswold stones

How does land use contribute to character of place

Urban or rural feel

How does economic status contribute to character of place

Inhabitants, investment and innovation levels

How does natural landscape contribute to character of place

Green areas- quality of life

How does couture and religion contribute to character of place

Festivals, insider vs outsider perspectvei

How does demographic contribute to character of place

Religion, gender, race, age, employments, political status and population

How does couture and religion contribute to character of place

Festivals, insider vs outsider perspectvei

Factors influencing character of place

Endogenous and exogenous factors

Endogenous factors

Internal factors that hipo shape the character of a place, can be physical and human feautres

Examples of endogenous factors

Land use, topography, physical geography, infrastructure, demographic, built environment, location, economic status

Exogenous factors

External factors that help shape the character of a place, are generally the relationship that a place has with other places

Examples of exogenous factors

Migration, money, ideas, resources

Shifting flows

Flows of people, money, resources and ideas that affect the characteristics of place either demographically, culturally, economically or socially

How places are changed by shifting flows demographically

Population policies+ migration change population and culture, effect gender, race and age, regeneration eg devonport and east village

How is culture changed by shifting flows

Migrants- food music, religions, festivals, tourists, age

How are places changed economically by shifting flows

Tourists= more jobs- migrants?, resources- manufacturing TNCs- Detroit, regneration- more money, more jobs, migrants. Influx of poeple

Continuity and change in places example

Plymouth - devonport, birmingham- bournville, colombia, Medellin

External forces

Government policies, MNCs, international or global insitutions

How do government policies affect the demographic characteristic of a place

Introduce policies to reduced/ control population- china one child policy, France- lower tax, improve maternity leave to increase birth rate

How do government policies affect the cultural characteristics of a place

Controlling immmigration- Germany 1960s invited Turkish people to live and work in Germany

How can MNC decisions affect demographic, social and economic characteristics of places

Detroit, economic boosts- jobs, migrant attracte to work, population growth, can lead to social deprivation, population decline, unemployment

International nd global institutions

World food programme, world bank

World food programme

International organisation that provide food assistance, emergency aid and prevent deaths distributes food to malnusrished people and war zones

World bank

Invests in and sets up thousand of project aimed to reduce pverty

Rebranding/ place marketing

When a company is paid to help give new place meaning to a location

Re imaging

Removing a place from its previous bad image to try and attract new people

Regeneration

Longest term improvements made to an areas to reverse the effects of urban decline