FBS 36 | 1st Examination Pt. 3

Chapter 3 (Lecture)

b) Gross amount

The total amount of something made is referred to as:

a) Net amount
b) Gross amount
c) Productivity
d) Production

b) Net amount

The amount left after deductions, such as respiration, is the:

a) Gross amount
b) Net amount
c) Productivity
d) Production

c) Productivity

Production per unit time is the definition of:

a) Production
b) Biomass
c) Productivity
d) Energy flow

c) Production

The creation of new organic matter is called:

a) Productivity
b) Respiration
c) Production
d) Decomposition

c) Producers

Primary production is carried out by:

a) Consumers
b) Decomposers
c) Producers
d) All of the above

c) Consumers

Secondary production is carried out by:

a) Producers
b) Decomposers
c) Consumers
d) Autotrophs

False

True or False

Net production is always greater than gross production.

True

True or False

Productivity is a rate, while production is an amount.

Gross

The term referring to the total amount of something made is __________.

Secondary

Animals are responsible for __________ production.

c) Carbon dioxide

GPP represents the total amount of __________ fixed by plants in photosynthesis.

a) Oxygen
b) Water
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Glucose

c) Energy input from decomposers

Which of the following is NOT a fate of GPP?

a) Plant standing biomass
b) Consumption by herbivores
c) Energy input from decomposers
d) Plant respiration

b) Living matter + Plant respiration

The equation for GPP can be expressed as:

a) NPP - Respiration
b) Living matter + Plant respiration
c) NPP + Consumption
d) Biomass - Litter

True

True or False

All the glucose produced during photosynthesis contributes to the plant's growth.

False

True or False

GPP is a measure of the energy available to the next trophic level.

c) Heat energy

Plant respiration results in the loss of energy as:

a) Chemical energy
b) Light energy
c) Heat energy
d) Potential energy

c) Starch

Glucose produced during photosynthesis is often stored as:

a) Protein
b) Fat
c) Starch
d) Cellulose

c) Air

Carbon dioxide for photosynthesis is obtained from the:

a) Soil

b) Water

c) Air

d) Sunlight

Gross Primary Productivity

GPP stands for __________.

Photosynthesis

The initial capture of energy in most ecosystems is through __________.

c) Plant respiration

NPP is calculated by subtracting __________ from GPP.

a) Consumption by herbivores
b) Decomposition rate
c) Plant respiration
d) Energy lost as litter

c) Useful

NPP represents the amount of __________ glucose produced by the plant community after respiration.

a) Total
b) Lost
c) Useful
d) Initial

c) Energy is lost during respiration.

The equation NPP = GPP - Respiration indicates that:

a) Respiration adds to the total energy of the plant.
b) NPP is always greater than GPP.
c) Energy is lost during respiration.
d) GPP is independent of respiration.

True

True or False

NPP is the energy available to herbivores and decomposers in an ecosystem.

False

True or False

Respiration is the process by which plants release oxygen.

b) Inefficient energy transfer during metabolism

What does "heat lost due to respiration" signify?

a) Energy gained by the plant
b) Inefficient energy transfer during metabolism
c) Energy stored for future use
d) Increased photosynthetic rate

b) Biological functions

ATP produced during respiration is used for:

a) Storage as starch
b) Biological functions
c) Release as oxygen
d) Absorption of water

c) Heat

The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains that energy transformations are never 100% efficient, leading to energy loss as:

a) Light
b) Sound
c) Heat
d) Chemical potential

Net primary Productivity

NPP stands for __________.

Net Primary Production (NPP)

The energy remaining in producer biomass after respiration is called __________.

c) Producers and consumers

NCP considers the respiration of:

a) Producers only
b) Consumers only
c) Producers and consumers
d) Decomposers only

b) Biomass

NCP reflects the overall rate of __________ accumulation in the entire ecosystem.

a) Energy loss
b) Biomass
c) Respiration
d) Decomposition

c) (NCP/GPP) x 100

The percentage community production efficiency is calculated as:

a) (GPP/NCP) x 100
b) (NPP/GPP) x 100
c) (NCP/GPP) x 100
d) (Respiration/GPP) x 100

False

True or False

NCP is always greater than NPP.

Ecosystem

NCP represents the net production at the __________ level.

c) Food chain

A linear transfer of food energy from one trophic level to the next is a:

a) Food web
b) Energy pyramid
c) Food chain
d) Nutrient cycle

c) Food web

A complex network of interconnected food chains is a:

a) Food chain
b) Trophic level
c) Food web
d) Biomass pyramid

c) Producers

The base of most food chains and food webs is formed by:

a) Herbivores
b) Carnivores
c) Producers
d) Decomposers

False

True or False

Organisms in a food web can occupy only one trophic level.

True

True or False

Detritus food chains begin with dead organic matter.

b) Herbivores consuming living plants

Grazing food chains primarily involve:

a) Decomposers consuming dead organisms
b) Herbivores consuming living plants
c) Carnivores consuming other carnivores
d) Producers obtaining energy from sunlight

c) Organisms can have multiple food sources and predators.

Food webs are more representative of actual feeding pathways because:

a) They are linear and easy to understand.
b) Organisms usually have only one food source.
c) Organisms can have multiple food sources and predators.
d) Energy transfer is always 100% efficient.

c) The rate of biomass production

Which of the following is NOT shown in a typical food web diagram?

a) The flow of energy
b) The different trophic levels
c) The rate of biomass production
d) The feeding relationships between organisms

Food Chain

The transfer of food energy in a more or less linear manner is called a __________.

Food Web

Interlocking food transfer among trophic components forms a __________.

c) Trophic level

Ecological efficiency refers to the efficiency of energy transfer from one __________ to another.

a) Organism
b) Population
c) Trophic level
d) Ecosystem

c) Heat

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, energy transfer is always accompanied by a loss of energy as:

a) Light
b) Sound
c) Heat
d) Chemical energy

b) 10%

The 10% rule of energy transfer suggests that approximately what percentage of energy at one trophic level is available to the next?

a) 1%
b) 10%
c) 50%
d) 90%

False

True or False

Energy can be recycled within an ecosystem.

True

True or False

Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

c) Quick cycling of energy and nutrients

A high turnover rate of biomass is indicative of:

a) Slow cycling of energy and nutrients
b) Long-lived biomass
c) Quick cycling of energy and nutrients
d) Large standing crop biomass

d) Temperate forests

A low turnover rate of biomass is typical of ecosystems like:

a) Grasslands

b) Lakes

c) Oceans

d) Temperate forests

b) (NPP/GPP) x 100

Primary production efficiency is calculated as:

a) (GPP/NPP) x 100
b) (NPP/GPP) x 100
c) (Total biomass/GPP) x 100
d) (Respiration/NPP) x 100

c) (NCP/GPP) x 100

Community production efficiency is calculated as:

a) (GPP/NCP) x 100
b) (NPP/GPP) x 100
c) (NCP/GPP) x 100
d) (Respiration/NCP) x 100

b) Extraneous energy increasing ecosystem efficiency

Energy subsidy refers to:

a) Energy loss as heat
b) Extraneous energy increasing ecosystem efficiency
c) Energy stored in biomass
d) Energy used for respiration

c) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

Fertilizers in agricultural systems act as an energy subsidy by increasing:

a) Respiration rates
b) Decomposition rates
c) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
d) Entropy

c) High standing biomass and low mortality/herbivory

Pesticides can act as an energy subsidy by leading to:

a) Decreased standing biomass
b) Increased mortality and herbivory
c) High standing biomass and low mortality/herbivory
d) Lower GPP

Loss

The inefficiency of energy transfer leads to a __________ of energy at each trophic level.

Trophic Level

Ecological efficiency is the efficiency of transfer of energy from one __________ to the other.

Entropy

__________ is a measure of disorder, chaos, or system disintegration.

b) Biomass

Carrying capacity refers to the ability of a locality to produce a certain level of possible Community Standing:

a) Energy flow
b) Biomass
c) Productivity
d) Biodiversity

b) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

The amount of biomass that can be supported in a given area is dictated by its inherent __________ and community respiration.

a) Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
b) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
c) Decomposition rate
d) Nutrient availability

c) Harvested

For renewable resources, carrying capacity relates to the economically valuable biomass that can be __________ without significantly altering the ecosystem.

a) Produced
b) Consumed
c) Harvested
d) Decomposed

False

True or False

Harvesting biomass at a rate greater than its regeneration rate is sustainable.

False

True or False

Mature and overmature trees should always be preserved to maintain carrying capacity.

b) Providing future timber stock

Residual stock after harvesting is important for:

a) Increasing decomposition rates
b) Providing future timber stock
c) Reducing community respiration
d) Maximizing entropy

c) Less than

Rate of cutting should be __________ the rate of forest growth and/or regeneration to maintain carrying capacity.

a) Equal to
b) Greater than
c) Less than
d) Independent of

c) Resource managers

Carrying capacity is a concept often used by:

a) Primary producers
b) Decomposers
c) Resource managers
d) Consumers

c) Higher

An ecosystem with a high GPP generally has a __________ carrying capacity for herbivores compared to an ecosystem with low GPP.

a) Lower
b) Similar
c) Higher
d) Unpredictable

b) Decrease

Community respiration acts to __________ the carrying capacity of an ecosystem.

a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Not affect
d) Stabilize

Biomass

Carrying capacity is the ability of a locality to produce a certain level of possible Community Standing __________.

GPP (Gross Primary Productivity)

The inherent __________ of an ecosystem is a key factor determining its carrying capacity.

Harvest

Resource managers use the concept of carrying capacity to determine sustainable __________ rates.

Regeneration

Maintaining residual stock helps ensure the __________ of a renewable resource.

Less than

For sustainable use, the rate of harvest should be __________ the rate of resource regeneration.

b) Second

Ecological pyramids are a reflection of the __________ Law of Thermodynamics.

a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Zeroth

c) Pyramid of energy

Which ecological pyramid is always upright?

a) Pyramid of numbers
b) Pyramid of biomass
c) Pyramid of energy
d) All of the above

d) Aquatic

A pyramid of biomass can be inverted in some __________ ecosystems.

a) Terrestrial
b) Forest
c) Grassland
d) Aquatic

c) Trophic

Biological magnification is the increase in concentration of harmful substances at each __________ level.

a) Population
b) Community
c) Trophic
d) Ecosystem

c) Biological magnification

DDT and mercury are examples of substances that can undergo:

a) Biodegradation
b) Bioaccumulation
c) Biological magnification
d) Energy transformation

c) Organism

Bioaccumulation refers to the increase of a substance within a single __________.

a) Population
b) Community
c) Organism
d) Trophic level

c) Trophic

Biomagnification occurs across __________ levels.

a) Individual
b) Population
c) Trophic
d) Ecosystem

c) Biological magnification

Top consumers are most affected by:

a) Primary production
b) Decomposition rates
c) Biological magnification
d) Energy loss at lower trophic levels

True

True or False

Biological magnification can lead to harmful effects on top predators.

Energy

Ecological pyramids illustrate the flow of __________ and biomass through trophic levels.

c) Trophic level

The residence time of energy is the average amount of time that energy stays within a particular __________.

a) Organism
b) Population
c) Trophic level
d) Ecosystem

b) Energy stored in biomass / net productivity

Residence time of energy is calculated as:

a) Net productivity / energy stored in biomass
b) Energy stored in biomass / net productivity
c) Energy stored in biomass x net productivity
d) (Energy in input / energy in output) x 100

d) Longer

Forests generally have a __________ residence time of energy in primary producers compared to grasslands.

a) Shorter
b) Similar
c) More variable
d) Longer

a) Fast energy cycling

A short residence time of energy in an ecosystem might indicate:

a) Fast energy cycling
b) High standing biomass
c) Slow energy flow
d) Low net productivity

Residence Time

The __________ of energy is important for understanding how ecosystems respond to disturbances.

c) Calorimetry

Burning a sample of plant tissue in a bomb calorimeter to determine its energy content is called:

a) Harvesting
b) Allometry
c) Calorimetry
d) CO2 flux

a) Primary production

Measuring the dry weight of harvested plant biomass is a method of assessing:

a) Primary production
b) Decomposition rate
c) Respiration rate
d) Energy efficiency

d) Allometry

Estimating biomass based on the relationship between dry weight and easily measured dimensions (like diameter and height) is:

a) Calorimetry
b) Harvesting
c) O2 flux
d) Allometry

c) Eddy Covariance

Measuring CO2 exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere using towers is the __________ method.

a) O2 flux
b) Chlorophyll concentration
c) Eddy Covariance
d) Harvesting

c) O2 flux

Measuring the production of O2 by plants or algae in a closed container is the __________ method.

a) CO2 flux
b) Chlorophyll concentration
c) O2 flux
d) Allometry

c) Chlorophyll

Remote sensing techniques often use __________ concentration as an indirect measure of primary production.

a) Oxygen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Chlorophyll
d) Water

False

True or False

Calorimetry directly measures the rate of primary production over time.

True

True or False

The harvesting method is suitable for estimating primary production in large aquatic plants.

c) Requires enclosed systems that may not represent natural conditions.

A limitation of the O2 flux method is that it:

a) Cannot be used in aquatic environments.
b) Requires destructive sampling.
c) Requires enclosed systems that may not represent natural conditions.
d) Is only applicable to terrestrial ecosystems.

Harvesting

The __________ method involves weighing dried plant tissue to estimate production.