Demography - Vital Statistics

Demography

A science which deals with the study of human population's size, composition and distribution in space.

population size

The number of people in a given place or area at a given time

fertility, mortality, marriage, migration and social mobility

Demographers study what five processes of population size?

Natural increase

It is the fertility, difference between the number of births and the number of deaths occurring in a population in a specified period of time.

Natural increase = No. of birth - No. of deaths

What is the formula for natural increase?

Rate of natural increase

It is the difference between Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate occurring in a population in a specified period of time

Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate

What is the formula for the rate of natural increase?

Relative increase

It is the actual difference between two census counts expressed in percent relative to population size made during earlier census

Relative increase = population size at a later time (pt) - population size at an earlier time(po)/po

What is the formula for relative increase?

Natural increase, rate of natural increase and relative increase

What are the methods of calculating population size?

Sex composition, age composition and age and sex composition

What are the methods of calculating population composition?

Sex composition

It computes for sex ratio

Sex ratio = no. of males/no. of females x 100

What is the formula for sex composition?

median age

Age composition in which it divides the population into two equal parts

dependency ratio

Age composition in which it compares the number of economically dependent with the economically productive group in the population.

100

Dependency ratio represents the number of economically dependent for every ______ economically productive

0-14 and 65 and above age groups

Who are included in the economically dependent group?

15-64 years old

Who are included in the economically independent group?

total population of the 0-14 and 65 and above age group x 100/total population of 15-64 age group

What is the formula for dependency ratio?

Age and sex composition

It can be described using a population pyramid

population distribution

It can be described in terms of urban-rural distribution, population density and crowding index. It helps the nurse decide how resources can be allocated based on concentration of population in a certain place

Urban-rural distribution

It illustrates proportion of people living in urban compared to rural areas

Crowding index

It describes the ease by which a communicable disease will be transmitted from one host to another susceptible host

40 males for every 100 females in the population

If there are 200 males and 500 females in the community, what is the sex ratio?

crowding index = no. of persons in a household/no. of rooms used for sleeping

What is the formula used for crowding index?

population density

It determines how congested a place is and provides implications in terms of the adequacy of basic health services present in the community

population density = no. of people/land area in sqm or km

What is the formula for population density?

Vital statistics

It refers to the systematic study of vital events such as births, illnesses, marriages, divorces/separations and deaths. A helpful tool in estimating the extent or magnitude of health needs and problems in the community

disease (morbidity), death (mortality)

Statistics of _________ and __________ indicate state of health of a community and the success or failure of health work.

births and deaths

They are registered in the office of the Local Civil Registrar of the municipality and is usually headed by the Municipality Local Registrar or Municipal Health Office

RA 3753

Civil Registry Law, it requires that all birth and deaths, including fetal deaths are registered with the National Statistics Office (NSO) or now Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA

PD no.651

It requires all health workers to register births within 30 days following delivery

Population census, registration of vital data, health surveys, studies and researchers

What are the sources of data in vital statistics?

Primary data

Data which have not been collected before. Through observation (ocular/windshield), informant interview, focused group discussions (FGD)

Secondary data

Data from existing sources such as vital registries, publications, health records and reports

Health indicators

A list of information which would determine the health of a particular community like population, crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant & maternal death rates & etc.

birth, death, marriages, migration

What are the common health indicators?

crude birth rate

It is a measure of one characteristic of the natural growth or increase of a population

CBR = Total no. of live births registered in given calendar year/est. population as of July 1 of same year x 1000

What is the formula for crude birth rate?

12.23 - There are 12 live births for every 1,000 population in 2023

There are 1,378,522 registered live births in 2023. The total population as of July 1, 2023 is 112,729,484. Calculate and interpret the crude birth rate

general fertility rate

It is more specific than CBR. A segment of the population deemed capable of giving birth

GFR = Total no. of live births registered in given calendar year/est. population of women aged 15-44 as of July 1 of same year x 1000

What is the formula for general fertility rate?

41.52 - There are 42 live births for every 1000 population of women aged 15-44 in 2023

There are 1,378,522 registered live births in 2023. The total population of women aged 15-44 as of July 1, 2023 is 33,200,000 women. Calculate and interpret the general fertility rate

incidence rate

It measures the development of a disease in a group exposed to the risk of such in a given period of time. It deals only with new cases and is used during epidemics or acute conditions. It is the best indicator of whether a condition is decreasing, increasing or static

IR = no. of new cases of particular disease registered during a specified time period/population in the area during the same time period x 1000

What is the formula for incidence rate?

5.5 cases for every 1000 or 550 cases for every 100,000 population on the 24th week

The highest number of cases reported for Acute Gastroenteritis was 4,675 cases for the 24th week. If the population was 850,000, what would be the the incidence rate of acute gastroenteritis on the 24th week?

prevalence rate

It measures the proportion of the population which exhibits particular disease at a particular time. This can only be determined following a survey of the population concerned. It deals with total (old and new) number cases and used in the administration of health services.

PR = no. of new and old cases of certain disease registered during a specified time period/total no. of persons examined at same given time x 1000

What is the formula for the prevalence rate?

6.5 - There are 7 cases for every 1000 population

The total number of Pneumonia cases in 2023 is 3,250, if population was 500,000 what would be the prevalence rate in 2023?

crude death rate

It is a measure of one mortality from all causes which may result in a decrease of population.

CDR = total no. of deaths registered in given calendar year/est. population as of July 1 of same year x 1000

What is the formula for crude death rate?

6.21 - There are 6 deaths for every 1000 population

There are 694,821 registered deaths in 2023. If the population is 111,941,200. What is the crude death rate?

Cause of death rate

It determines the 10 Leading cause of death. It is considered as crude since denominator includes the whole population

C-DR = no. of deaths in a specified cause/est. population as of July 1 of same year x 1000

What is the formula for cause of death rate?

Infant mortality rate

It measures the risk of dying during the 1st year of life. It is good index of the general health condition of a community since it reflects the changes in the environmental and medical conditions of a community.

low level of health

High infant mortality rate means?

IMR = total no. of deaths under 1 year of age registered in a given calendar year/total no. of registered live births of same calendar year x 1000

What is the formula for infant mortality rate?

Maternal mortality rate

It measures the risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium. It is an index of the obstetrical care needed and received by the women in a community

6 weeks or 42 days

Puerperium may last up to?

90

Maternal death occurs in the death of any woman while pregnant or within ____ days of termination of the pregnancy

MMR = total no. of deaths from maternal causes registered for the given year/total no. of live births registered of the same year x 1000

What is the formula for maternal mortality rate?

Proportionate mortality rate

Death ratio; it shows the numerical relationship between deaths from a cause (or group of causes), age (groups of age etc.) and the total number of deaths from all causes in all ages taken together. It is used in ranking cause of death by frequency

PM = no. of registered deaths from specific cause for given calendar year/no. of registered deaths from all causes in the same year x 100

What is the formula for proportionate mortality rate?

5%

There are 694,821 registered deaths in 2023. From that number, there are 34,800 deaths associated with chronic kidney disease. Calculate the proportionate mortality rate

Swaroop's index

It is a sensitive index of the standards of health care in a country. Directly proportional to health status of a population, where developed countries have higher score than developing ones

50 years old

A high Swaroop's index implies better health services, better health status, longer life span and more people would reach up to?

life expectancy is short

A low Swaroop's index would imply that?

SI = no. of deaths among those 50 years and older/total no. of deaths, same year x 100

What is the formula for Swaroop's index?

80% of Japanese in 2024 died at the age of 50 years and above. 20% of Japanese in 2024 died before the age of 50 years old

In Japan, there are 743,562 deaths in 2024. In the number, 591,214 deaths occurred among people aged 50 years and above. Calculate and interpret the Swaroop's index

percentage

Proportionate mortality rate is expressed in?