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Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, emphasizing cells as the fundamental building blocks of life.
Basic Unit of Life
The cell is capable of carrying out all life processes like metabolism and reproduction.
Rudolf Virchow
Proposed that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, highlighting the continuity of life.
Prokaryotic Cells
Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotic Cells
Contain a nucleus and various organelles, allowing for specialized cellular functions.
Nucleus
Stores genetic material (DNA) and regulates cellular activities through gene expression.
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus with nuclear pores for selective transport.
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Synthesizes and transports proteins, studded with ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids received from the ER.
Mitochondria
Generates ATP through cellular respiration, known as the powerhouse of the cell.
Cristae
Inner membrane folds of mitochondria that increase ATP production.
Fluid Mosaic Model
Describes the cell membrane as a dynamic phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Phospholipids
Form a semi-permeable barrier with hydrophilic heads outward and hydrophobic tails inward.
Transport Proteins
Facilitate substance movement across the membrane for selective permeability.
Receptors
Bind signaling molecules to initiate cellular responses.
Selective Permeability
Allows certain substances to cross more easily, maintaining homeostasis.
Passive Transport
Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport
Requires ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Aerobic Respiration
Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP through Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.
Chloroplasts
Organelles where photosynthesis occurs, converting CO₂ and H₂O into glucose and O₂.
Signaling Pathways
Cells communicate through chemical signals and signal transduction for specific responses.
Types of Signaling
Includes Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine signaling pathways.
Endosymbiotic Theory
The theory that eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living prokaryotes that were ingested by a larger prokaryotic host cell.
Endocytosis
The process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.
Exocytosis
The process through which a cell expels materials by packaging them into vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents outside the cell.
Dialysis
Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane, often used in kidney dialysis to filter blood.
Light Microscopes
Microscopes that use visible light and lenses to magnify objects, typically up to 1,000 times.
Electron Microscopes
Microscopes that use electron beams instead of light for higher magnifications (up to 2 million times).
Phospholipid Bilayer
Double layer of phospholipids forming the cell membrane, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Tonicity
The relative solute concentration in a solution affecting water movement across cell membranes.
Isotonic
Solution with the same solute concentration as the cell, resulting in no net water movement.
Hypertonic
Solution with higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move out of the cell.
Hypotonic
Solution with lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move into the cell.
