Translation Learning Objectives and Central Dogma

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and definitions related to translation, including roles of RNA, the central dogma, and processes of protein synthesis.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Amino Acid Sequence

The order of amino acids in a protein, determined by the nucleotide sequence of mRNA.

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome and pairs with the appropriate codon in mRNA during translation.

Ribosome

The cellular structure composed of rRNA and proteins that facilitates translation by reading mRNA and assembling amino acids into proteins.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

Ribozyme

An RNA molecule with catalytic properties, which can accelerate chemical reactions.

Anticodon

A three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA.

Initiation of Translation

The first stage of translation where the ribosome assembles around the mRNA, and the first tRNA is attached.

Elongation

The phase of translation where amino acids are added one by one to the growing peptide chain according to the sequence of codons in mRNA.

Termination of Translation

The final stage of translation where the newly synthesized protein is released when a stop codon is reached on the mRNA.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The theory that information flows from DNA to RNA to Protein.

Genetic Code

The set of rules by which the information in mRNA is translated into proteins.

Start Codon

The specific codon (AUG) that signals the beginning of translation.

Stop Codon

A codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) that signals the termination of translation.

Ribosomal Subunits

The large and small components of the ribosome that come together during translation.

Binding Sites

The areas on the ribosome where mRNA and tRNA bind during protein synthesis.

Peptide Bond

The covalent bond that links amino acids together in a protein chain.