THE REPUBLIC 1649-59

examples of cromwells aims of healing and settling

former enemies had to be reconciled and pre-war institutions of everyday life reconstructed

a backlog of personal appeals and financial claims had to be addressed before the country could return to normal

returning to normality would include restoring englands international reputation

examples of cromwells aims of political stability

cromwell supported the army's suggested settlement of 1647 - the heads of proposals

there would be a single personal acting as executive and a parliament that would face regular elections

executive authority would be limited by a council of state. the executive would also limit parliaments power

general lambert was the chief architect of the instrument of government

examples of cromwells aims of godly reformation

cromwell and the army had been entrusted by god with a providential mission

a national church settlement was needed which enshrined liberty of conscience

cromwell sought the tranformation of morality to reflect a godly transformation of england - an end to swearing, gambling, prostitution and drunkenness

cromwell sought to prove that religious toleration was compatible with social and moral order

a way was needed to be found to improve and support a godly ministry (clergy)

instrument of government

protector = the chief executive but restrained by a council and parliament

executive and legislative separated

it was recognised that both parliament and the head of state could be tyrannical

no legislation could be introduced which changed the fundamentals of the instrument

this was designed to prevent parliament from undermining the religious toleration which was introduced in the gov

how much did the office of the instrument of government receive a year for the government

£200,000 along with funds for an army of 300,000

what could cromwell never get away from with the instrument of gov

it had been enforced by the army - it never received full civilian backing and was never formally ratified by any of the parliaments of the protectorate

role of the lord protector

appointed for life, successor chosen by council of state

confers honours, appoints magistrates, pardons convicted

annul any promised measures that were against principles of instrument

share a variety of powers with council and parliament

tole of the council of state

protector, 7 army officers, 8 civilians

oversee and guide protector, recruit own members,

aided by treasurer, chancellor, chief justices, chosen with parliaments approval

role of parliament

supreme legislative authority

draw up bills and present to protector - he had 21 days in which to disagree before they became a law

county seats proportionate to tax

county franchise to be £200 a year property qualification

members had to be over 21 and 'of known integrity, fearing god'

how many MPs were there in the instrument of government parliament

400 members for england and wales, 30 for each of scotland and ireland

who were excluded in terms of parliament of the instrument of government

catholics excluded form voting and being members

active royalists not allowed to vote in next 3 elections

what were the protective rights of the instrument of government parliament

summoned every 3 years for at least 5 months

had to dissolve / prorogue itself

what focus was there on religion in the instrument of government

should be a public profession of the christian faith

should be a provision made for preaching

should be guidelines established for belief and worship

those who dissented from the profession should be free to worship as they wished

when was instrument of government

December 1653

what were the triers

'commission for approbation of minsters' who would approve candidates for livings

established in an ordinance in march 1654 by cromwell in attempts to tackle the issue that the instrument did not establish procedures for deciding whether a person was fit for a living as a minister of religion and how those who were not fit should be removed

simply established if they had a sufficient education and led a good life

what were the ejectors

another commission in august 1654 established to removed those who were unsuitable -> resulted in a broad church, which probably included more than at any other time since the reformation

what happened in foreign policy before the first protectorate parliament

successes in foreign policy as the war with the dutch was ended in april 1654 and trade treaties were concluded with sweden and portugal

what would the national church settlement allow for

liberty of conscience

who produced the constitution of the instrument of government

the army council which meant that there were legitimate grounds for parliament to question its legitimancy

two issues of the first protectorate parliament

very committed to a radical religious agenda - problems as many in parliament were conservative

balance of power between executives: lord protector and his council vs the legislatives of parliament

two aspects of the funding of the role that cromwell occupied

annual allowance for running the government of £200,000

funds for an army of 30,000 soldiers and a fleet

who produced the instrument of government

Major-General John Lambert with the Army Council.

this led to parliament questioning its legitimacy

how long did the protector have to prevent or delay bills becoming law

21 days

how often would parliament meet under the instrument of government

every 3 years for at least 5 months

how many MPs were there in the first protectorate parliament

30 from scotland, 30 from wales

how may MPs refused the oath of loyalty sought by cromwell

100

what were the complaints of the presbyterian MPs that emerged after the first protectorate parliament elections

disliked the army and central power and therefore questioned the restraints in power imposed on parliament

this included the cost of the army - arguing it should be reduced to the IoG figure of 30,000 rather than 50,000

what became the focus with the IoG

altering the balance between the council and parliament

what would the establishment of a presbyterian church have meant for liberty of conscience

limited religious liberty

what did parliament propose with regard to the militia following the IoG

'ought not to be raised, but by common consent of the people assembled in parliament'

which national church was rejected by cromwell

presbyterian as he wanted liberty of conscience

how many major generals were there

11

what was the purpose of the major generals

governing areas in conjunction with the local gentry, but they were in charge

causes of the major generals regime

response to royalist threat - success of desborough in bringing order in the west after crushing penruddocks uprising

reorganisation of the militia - needed regional administration, paid by decimation tax

failure of western design - gods providence lost due to loss of spain the 'providential enemy'

the need for godly reformation - triers, ejectors, lib of con

what was the act of obvlivion

spared most republicans from royalist vengeance, and for speedy provision of royal revenue

When was the Act of Oblivion?

1660

when did cromwell establish a new militia

spring 1955

aims of the major general regime

permit closer monitoring of royalists to prevent conspiracy and weaken e.g 10% decimation tax on all former royalists

create local militia forces funded by the decimation would permit a reduction in the size of the standing army - reduce costs of current military

cromwell sought progress in reforming morals - reduce order and create a loyal nation

outcomes of the major generals regime

progress was patchy - no zeal for reform

no swordsman, no decimators - slogan for 2nd protectorate

decimation tax not renewed - abandoned in new parliament as money was needed for war with spain

failed experiment with inconsistencies

evidence of inconsistency of the major generals regime

charles worsley in cheshire, lancashire, staffordshire closed 200 alehouses and died of overwork at 34

william goffe in berkshire, hampshire and sussex was less effective

financial motive for cromwell behind the major generals regime

he had already reduced the main direct tax from £120,000 to £90,000 and this scheme would enable it to be reduced to £60,000

what made the major generals unpopular

activities banned like cursing, plays and interludes - too imposing

social snobbery

decimation tax on royalists despite act of oblivion

when was the first protectorate parliament

September 1654 - January 1655

when was penruddocks uprising

March 1655

when was the rule of the major generals

august 1655 - january 1657

when was the second protectorate parliament

September 1656 - February 1658

when did parliament propose the crown to cromwell

february 1657

when was the humble petition and advice

March 1657

when did cromwell refuse the crown

8th May 1657

when was cromwell reinstalled as protector

june 1657

death of oliver cromwell

3rd September 1658

who did liberty of conscience not extend to

episcopalians

catholics

extremists eg quakers and ranters

had the first parliament been closed legally by cromwell under the terms of the IoG

yes - needs to sit for at least 5 months every 3 years but cromwell went by the lunar calendar (28 day months)

what went wrong with penruddock's uprising

not enough support

outnumbered by NMA

why did cromwell call second parliament

in need of money for the war with spain - ending in victory in 1658 with french alliance

how much was voted for the war with spain in the second parliament

£400,000

what did crowmell do in 1955 in terms of jewish people

cromwell actively sought readmission of jewish people back into england to secure their conversion

who was james naylor

quaker who was whipped through london by P. in 1656 due to a blasphemous demonstration - cromwell intervened but parliament still punished him

why could cromwell not stop the brutal punishment of james naylor

parliament were needed on side to support the finance of the spanish war

how did cromwell interpret the failure of the western design to capture hispaniola in the caribbean

god was no longer on their side due to failure to carry out godly reformation

when was decimation tax abolished

during the second protectorate parliament

what concerned the second parliament

the issue of succession as they were concerned that another army man would become protector

the composition of parliament - 100 MPs had been excluded so there was a certain lack of democracy

what did the humble advice and petition suggest

requesting cromwell to become king

ending arbitrary exclusion

reduced the power of the council

created another chamber of parliament

reduced the size of the armed forces

limited religious toleration eg James Nayler

why did oliver cromwell refuse the crown

betrayal of his cause

attitude of the army and unrest Major generals created

god had already condemned the title

would be seen as him putting his personal and family gains first

what does oliver cromwell state which shows his opposition to the restoration of the monarchy

describes the crown as a 'feather in the hat' and states that he 'will not build jericho again'

when did cromwell accept the humble petition and advice

may 1658

how did oliver cromwell compromise in terms of the humble petition and advice

established a civilian base of the protectorate - had come from parliament rather than the army like IoG

BUT army still remained major force - appointed lots of officers to upper house

purpose of the upper house

could veto legislation and thus had great power

republican complaints about the humble advice and petition

still left cromwell and the army in control

when did parliament go into recess for 6 months

end of july 1657

why did cromwell need to dismiss lambert from the privy council after the humble advice and petition

refused to take the oath of loyalty to the humble advice and petition

who led the republican MPs of the second parliament

arthur haselrig and henry vane

how did republican MPs attack the humble petition and advice in the second parliament

authority of protector

power of the army

high taxation

why was the first protectorate parliament dissolved

too focused on amending the constitution rather than passing new acts

what did cromwell say in response to his offer of kingship

i will not build jericho again

when did cromwell decline his offer of kingship

8 may 1657

what was the compromise of the humble petition and advice

established the civilian base of the protectorate as ot was parliaments constitution rather than the armys like the instrument

army still remained a major force

evidence of the compromise made in the humble petition and advice

cromwell appointed a large number of army officers to the upper house

commons could veto legislation and thus had great power

mps were not excluded from the commons

many republicans complained that the new constitution still left cromwell and the army in control

what happened at the end of july 1657

parliament went into recess for 6 months - already signs that aim to establish a representative gov which was widely accepted was failing

when was the second session of parliament

jan-feb 1658 - many who were excluded from the first session returned, many were republicans, they were debarred originally as they were against the instrument

who led the republicans in the second session of parliament

arthur haselrig and henry vane - saw all gov since the dissolution of the rump as illegitimate

how did the republicans in the second parliament attack the new constitution of the humble petition and advice

authority of protector

power of the army

high taxation

when did cromwell dissolve the second protectorate parliament

feb 1658

what had ireton intended to do after the execution

dissolve parliament and call new elections

but he was persuaded that this would merely produce a royalist majority so he agreed to purge parliament instead thus the rump

when was the house of lords abolished

19th March 1649

when was england declared a commonwealth

May 1649

when did the pacification of ireland begin

August 1649

when did fairfax resign as lord general and was replaced by cromwell

june 1650

when was the outbreak of the third civil war between england and scotland

august 1650

when was charles II defeated at worcester

september 1651

when did cromwell dissolved the rump and the council of state

april 1653 - army council appointed

when did the nominated assembly meet

july 1653 - declared itself a parliament

dissolved itself in december 1653

when was cromwell established as lord protector through the instrument of government

december 1653

when did the first protectorate parliament meet

September 1654

what was the first protectorate parliament forced to do

sign a recognition of the instrument

about 100 refused and were excluded

when was the first protectorate parliament dissolved

jan 1655

when was the establishment of the major generals

august 1655

when did the second protectorate parliament meet

september 1656

when was the sindercombe plot to assassinate

january 1657 - ending of decimation tax and the major generals

when was the humble petition and advice introduced in parliament

february 1657