chapter 1: concepts of health & disease -

define physiology

function of the body

define pathophysiology

body’s response to the disease

define etiology

causative factors of disease

ex) viruses, poisions

define predisposing factors

risk factors, like sunburns, starvation, factors

define disease

acquired or congenital illness causing a physiological dysfunction through the interruption of bodily systems

define pathogenesis

development of disease

the structural/functional changes that develop into a disease

define clinical manifestations

display of signs & symptoms

define signs

manifestation noted by observer

Ex: something physical that we can feel, hear, observe, dull sounds in the lungs

define symptoms

subjective complaints noted by pt with the disorder

Ex: “i’m having a hard time taking deep breaths”

define syndrome

collection of signs & symptoms

Disorder with a whole list of signs & symptoms

Ex: Raynaud's syndrome

define diagnosis

identification of a disease

define clinical course

how a disease evolves, from the beginning, through its development, through the resolution

what is the etiology of kidney failure?

high blood sugar damages blood vessels/nephrons of the kidneys

what is the pathogenesis of kidney failure?

nephrons damaged = surviving nephrons must work harder to filter blood = extra pressure = kidney damage

what is the morphological change of kidney damage?

nephron damage

what is the clinical manifestation of kidney damage?

foamy urine, edema, fatigue

what are the steps of diagnosis?

review medical history, interview patient, reviow FMH

physical exam and observation

lab testing

what’s the primary tool used for diagnosis?

lab testing

what is the reliability of a lab test?

the extent to which repeated observations yield the same result

what is the validity of a lab test?

the extent to which a tool measures what it is meant to measure

what is the sensitiviy of a lab test?

how well an observation aligns with the people who have the disease

what is a gross level observation?

something that can be seen with the naked eye

what is biopsy?

excising a part of the body for lab study under a microscope

what is an acute disease?

sudden, severe, prevelant for less that 6 mo

what is a chronic disease?

gradual, persistent, goes through periods of exacerbation and remission, prevalent for 6 mo or more

what are complications?

adverse extensions of a disease or treatment

what is a subclinical disease?

signs of disease but there are no symptoms

ex) Subclinical diabetes: Blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but the person does not experience typical symptoms like extreme thirst or tiredness.

what is a latent disease?

there are no symptoms or clinical signs

ex) shingles

what is remission?

symptoms and signs are absent

what is incubation in an infection?

the time period between exposure to onset of symptoms

what is the prodromal period in an infection?

the early development of the disase

what is convalescence?

period of recovery

what is epidemiology?

the study of disease in populations, identifies causes and occurrences of disease in order to prevent spread

what is morbidity?

number of people with the disease in an area

what is mortality

number of deaths from the disease in an area

what is incidence?

the number of new cases in a given area during a given time period

what is prevalence?

the number of new and existing cases in a time period

what is the primary level of prevention?

remove the risk of contraction

ex) immunization

what is the secondary level of prevention?

detect the disease while it is still curable

ex) pap smear

what is the tertiary level of prevention?

prevent further deterioration

ex) antibiotic use

what is therapy?

measures taken to promote recovery or slow disease progression

what is rehabilitation?

maximizing the function of damaged tissues

ex) PT for a stroke pt

what is a prognosis?

the probability of recovery