Joint pathologies

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursae, usually caused by repetitive joint movement

Bursitis Symptoms

Joint pain and stiffness that worsen during repetitive activity

Bursitis Treatment

Rest, ice, elevation, and anti-inflammatory medications

Paget's Disease

Chronic disorder involving abnormal bone remodeling that produces enlarged, weakened bones

Paget's Disease Symptoms

Often asymptomatic; may cause bone pain, deformity, fractures, or arthritis

Paget's Disease Cause

Unknown; thought to involve genetic or viral factors

Paget's Disease Treatment

Pain medication and surgery if needed to repair fractures, replace joints, or realign bones

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease resulting from breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone

Osteoarthritis Cause

Repeated stress on joints

Osteoarthritis Symptoms

Joint pain, stiffness, swelling, decreased range of motion, and numbness in arms or legs

Osteoarthritis Treatment

Exercise, weight loss, pain medications, and joint replacement surgery when necessary

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Genetic disorder caused by defective collagen leading to brittle, fragile bones

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Other Name

Brittle Bone Disease

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Cause

Connective tissue disorder resulting in inadequate collagen production

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Symptoms

Bone fragility, deformities, fractures, fatigue, muscle weakness, and bone pain

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Eye Finding

Blue or purple sclera

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Hearing Finding

Hearing loss that may begin in the early 20s

Osteogenesis Imperfecta Treatment

Fracture management, metal rods, pain medication, physical therapy, and healthy lifestyle

Laxity

Looseness or increased flexibility of tissues

Sclera

Fibrous outer protective white layer of the eye

Fontanel

Soft membranous gap between the cranial bones of an infant

Osteoporosis

Disease characterized by weak and brittle bones

Osteoporosis Symptoms

Usually no symptoms until fractures occur

Osteoporosis Treatment

Calcium, vitamin D, exercise, no smoking, limited alcohol, and bisphosphonates

Gout

Inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystal deposition in joints

Gout Most Common Location

Base of the big toe

Gout Symptoms

Red, tender, inflamed joint

Gout Treatment

NSAIDs and lifestyle changes to reduce uric acid levels

Osteomalacia

Softening of adult bones caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiency

Osteomalacia Symptoms

Body pain, muscle weakness, and fragile bones

Osteomalacia Treatment

Daily vitamin D3 supplementation

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks joint connective tissue

Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms

Swollen and painful joints

Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

Antirheumatic drugs to slow disease progression and reduce pain

Rickets

Childhood disorder causing softened bones due to lack of vitamin D, phosphate, or calcium

Rickets Symptoms

Bone tenderness, fractures, bowed legs, and knocked knees

Rickets Treatment

Vitamin D, calcium, and surgery if necessary

Scurvy

Disease caused by vitamin C deficiency

Scurvy Early Symptoms

Malaise, lethargy, loss of appetite, poor weight gain, diarrhea, and fever

Scurvy Late Symptoms

Shortness of breath, bone pain, anemia, bleeding gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing, and emotional changes

Scurvy Cause

Vitamin C deficiency

Marfan Syndrome

Genetic connective tissue disorder caused by mutation affecting connective tissue structure

Marfan Syndrome Body Type

Tall and thin body stature

Arachnodactyly

Condition where fingers and toes are abnormally long and slender

Marfan Syndrome Skeletal Findings

Scoliosis, kyphosis, flat feet, sunken or protruding chest

Marfan Syndrome Connective Tissue Findings

Flexible joints, stretchy skin, ligament laxity, and stretch marks

Marfan Syndrome Eye Problems

Nearsightedness, farsightedness, detached retina, glaucoma, and cataracts

Marfan Syndrome Cardiac Findings

Heart murmurs, palpitations, angina, and cardiovascular abnormalities

Marfan Syndrome Diagnosis

Echocardiogram, ECG, eye examination, CT scan, MRI, and X-rays

Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

Dural Sac

Membranous sheath surrounding the spinal cord and cauda equina

Echocardiogram

Test used to visualize cardiac structures

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Test that records the electrical activity of the heart