social psychology

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102 Terms

1
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who published the first study on social psych?
Norman Triplett (1898)
2
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what was the first study on social psych about and what did it find?
the effect of competition on performance and it found that people do better on familiar tasks in the presence of others
3
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who published the first textbooks on social psych (independently)?
william mcdougall and e.h. ross (1908)
4
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who was the first to suggest that social approval infulences behavior?
Verplank
5
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who created the reinforcement theory (1950’s)?
verplank, pavlov, thornedike, hull, and skinner
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what does reinforcement theory say?
behavior is motivated by the anticipated rewards
7
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what is albert banduras most well known theory?
social learning theory
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what does social learning theory say?
behavior is learned through immitation
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who created role theory (1970’s)?
bindle
10
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what does role theory say?
people know the roles they are suppose to fill and behavior can be attributed to adopting these roles
11
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what other theories influence social psych the most?
cognitive theory
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what does cognitive theory say that influences social psych?
perception, judgement, memories, and decision making influence behavior and arousal
13
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what are attitudes?
cognitions, beliefs, feelings, and behavioral predispositions

typically opinion statements (likes/dislikes of people/things/ideas)
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what does consistency theory say?
people prefer consistency and will/wont change based upon this preference
15
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who created balance theory?
fritz heider
16
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what does balance theory say?
the way 3 elements relate results in balance (all 3 fit together 1 or 3 positive) or stress (no balance, 0 or 2 positives)
17
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what are the 3 elements of balance theory?
P = person we are talking about

O = other person

X = thing/idea/other person
18
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balance theory figures
knowt flashcard image
19
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who created cognitive dissonance theory and social omparison theory?
leon festinger
20
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what does cognitive dissonance theory say?
conflict you feel when your attitudes aren’t in synch with your behavior

the greater the dissonance, the greater the pressure to reduce it

when behavior can be justified by means of external inducements ($), there is no need to change cognitions

minimal justification effect

two types of cognitive dissonance

two main principles
21
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what are the two types of cognitive dissonance?
free choice - making a choice between desirable options and post-decision dissonance and spreading of alternatives

forced compliance - forced to behave inconsistently with beliefs
22
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what are the two principles of cognitive dissonance?
1) if there is pressure to do/say something, there is a tendency to chin beliefs

2) the greater the pressure, the less likely to change
23
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what is the minimal justification effect?
when external justification is minimal, dissonance is reduced by changing cognitions
24
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who created the self-perception theory?
Daryl Bem
25
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what does self-perception theory say?
when an attitude is weak/ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself

you infer your attitude based on your behavior

does not hypothesize dissonance - initial attitude is irrelevant and no discomfort is produced by the behavior

over justification effect
26
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carl hovelands model
deals with attitude change as part of communicating a message with intent to persuade someone

3 components: communicator, communication, and situation

arguing against your self interest can cause significant change in attitude

credible sources are most efficient

sleeper effect and two sided messages
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what is the sleeper effect?
credible sources loose impact and uncredible sources gain impact over time
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two sided messages
messages that include arguments for and against a position
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what is the elaboration model of persuasion?
two routes of persuasion:


1. central route - issue is very important to us, we follow argument closely and evaluate the argument. strong arguments > weak arguments
2. peripheral route - issue is not that important to us, we don’t really pay attention, and strength of argument does not matter
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who created the elaboration model of persuasion?
Petty and Cacioppo
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what is the theory of resistance to persuasion?
analogy of inoculation (william mcguire)
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analogy of inoculation
people can be inoculated to persuasion: 1. expose a weakened argument 2. refute argument

cultural truism - unquestioned beliefs

belief perseverance - hold beliefs even after they are proven false

reactance - freedom is pressured so person acts in a way to reassert a sense of freedom
33
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what does social comparison theory say?
we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationships to other people

3 principle:


1. people prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means and compare to others when this isn’t possible
2. the fewer similarities and tendencies, the lower tendency to make the comparison
3. if discrepancies exist with opinions and abilities, we tend to change position to move towards the group
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what did stanley schachter say about the social comparison theory?
the greater the anxiety, the greater the desire to affiliate

anxious people prefer the company of other anxious people (anxiety and need to compare self may play a role here)
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what is the reciprocity hypothesis?
we tend to like people who like us and tend to dislike those who dislike us

we take into account another persons evaluation of us

gain loss principle
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who created the gain loss principle?
aronson and linder
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what does the gain loss principle say?
an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant

we will like someone more if their evaluation of us increases and does not stay the same
38
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what does the social exchange theory say?
a person weighs the rewards and cost of interaction

when rewards outweigh costs the greater the interaction (max. rewards, min. cost)

equity theory
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what does equity theory say?
we consider our own rewards and the other persons rewards and prefer them to be equal, there will be instability if inequal
40
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affiliation and attraction with individual characteristics
correlation between affiliation and similarity of intelligence, attitude, education, age, religion, SES, etc.

need complementary - people choose relationships so they mutually satisfy each others needs

potency of physical attractiveness - attractiveness stereotype says we attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people

spatial proximity - tend to develop a greater liking to someone who lives closer because they are more accessible and there is an increased intensity of initial reaction

mere exposure hypothesis (Zojanc) - based on familiarity, repeated exposure leads to increased liking
41
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what is the potency of physical attractiveness?
attractiveness stereotype says we attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people
42
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what is spatial proximity?
tend to develop a greater liking to someone who lives closer because they are more accessible and there is an increased intensity of initial reaction

mere exposure hypothesis (Zojanc) - based on familiarity, repeated exposure leads to increased liking
43
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what did john darley and bibb latane study? what did they fine?
bystander intervention

two factors in deciding whether or not to help: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
44
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what was the experiments john darley and bibb latane did regarding bystander intervention?
smoke experiment (social influence): participants did not respond if they didn’t think the fire was real

seizure experiment (diffusion of responsibility): 100% reported when they thought they were alone, 85% when 2 others, and 62% when 4 others
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social influence with bystanders
if others arent acting in emergency then they wont either

pluralistic ignorance - leading others to define event as nonemergency
46
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diffusion of responsibility with bystanders
the more people that are present, the less likely the individual is to offer help

if alone, 100% of responsibility is on individual
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who created the empathy-altruism model?
Batson
48
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what is the empathy-altruism model?
when in a situation where others may need help, people may feel distress or empathy which determines the helping behavior
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empathy
ability to vicariously experience the emotions of others
50
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what experiment did batson do? what did he find?
people watched others getting shocked and there were 2 conditions: easy escape (chance to leave after 2 shocks) or difficult escape (had to stay for 10 shocks)

after 2 shocks the participants filled out how distressed they were

easy escape participants reported more distress and left

difficult escape participants reported more empathy and helped
51
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what is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
when people are frustrated they act aggressively

the strength of aggression correlates with strength of frustration
52
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what did banduras social learning theory say about aggression?
aggression is learned through modeling and reinforcement

believes aggression is selectively reinforces - people act aggressively because they expect a reward

bobo doll experiment
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what is the most influential theory on aggression?
bandura’s social learning theory
54
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who did the major conformity and obedience studies?
mazafer sherif, soloman asch, and stanley milgram
55
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what did sherif’s conformity study find?
the autokinetic effect on subjects estimated change so that group agreed on amount of movement

individuals conform to the group and judgement converges on the same group norm
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what did asch’s conformity study find?
length of line study found alone subject got the line length wrong
57
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conformity
yielding to group pressure without explicit demand
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what did milgram’s obedience study find?
the effects of punishment on learning and obedience to authority

found the drive to obey was greater than the drive not to hurt others

when confederates defied, so did participants

had confederates deliver shock and participants did entire experiment
59
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what is the foot in door effect?
compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request
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what is the door in the face effect?
refusing a large initial request increases the likelihood to agree to a second, smaller effect
61
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compliance
changes in behavior as result of pressure
62
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what influences self perception?
other peoples views, social roles, and group memberships
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what was the clark and clark doll preference study? what did they find?
ethnic self-concept of black and white kids

majority preferred white doll

showcased negative effects of racism
64
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what has research since the clark and clark doll preference study shown?
black kids hold positive view of ethnicity
65
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dimensions of personal identity
several factors determine which identity is enacted in particular situation
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hierarchy of salience
the more salient, the more conformity
67
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what is albert banduras self-efficacy?
individuals belief in their ability to execute behavior

those with strong efficacy exert more effort on harder tasks

judgement based on previous performance, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and psychological and emotional states
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social perception
the way we form impressions about characteristics of a certain group/individual
69
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primary effect
occasions when the first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
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recency effect
the most recent info we have about someone is most important
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what is attribution theory? who created it?
fritz heider

tendency to infer the cause of other people’s behavior

we attempt to discover cause and effect in events

two causes - situational (external and related to surroundings; threats, peers, money) or dispositional (related to features of person whose behavior is being considered; attitude, personality)

bias towards dispositional causes
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what is the fundamental attribution bias?
tendency to look for personality flaws in situations rather than looking for situational influences
73
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what is the halo effect?
tendency to allow a general impression of someone influence other, more specific evaluations of the person

this is why people are often inaccurate in evaluations of people they believe are generally good/bad
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what is the belief in a just world?
belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

a strong belief in a just world increases victim blaming because it doesn’t allow for innocent victims
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the presence of others can…
improve or worsen performance
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what did theodore newcombs study find?
over time, students increasingly accept norms of community

66% of parents voted republican, 62% of freshman, 43% of sophomores, and 15% of juniors and seniors
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what did edward hall study?
proxemics

how culture governs how far away from one another we stand
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proxemics
study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others
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what is zojoncs theory?
increased arousal in presence of others which consequently enhances emission of a dominant response (mistakes or correct acts)
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what is social loafing?
tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group
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what did philip zimbardo find when he studied anonymity?
people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous within the social environment because there is a diminished restraint of unacceptable behavior
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what is deindividualization?
loss of self-awareness and personal identity
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what is often a factor in group decision making?
group think
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what is group think?
the group decision making strives for consensus and does not consider discordant info
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what is the risky shift?
group decisions are often riskier than individual decisions
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what is the value hypothesis of the risky shift?
risky shifts occur in situations where riskiness is valued culturally
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what did james stoner study?
group decisions

gave couples a dilemma (about pregnancy) and found that decisions shifted towards caution and away from risk

found that this shift may be determined by the nature of the risk
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what is group polarization?
the tendency for a group discussion to enhance the initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution
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what do leaders possess and do that followers do not?
special qualities and they engage in more commuication
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what can increase some ones perceived leadership?
increased amount the person speaks (even artificially)
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what did kurt lewis study?
the effects of leadership styles

laisse-faire: less efficient, organized, and satisfying

autocratic: more hostile, aggressive, dependent, work

democratic: more satisfying, cohesive, and work ethic and motivation
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Aronson & Linder

Asch

Bandura

Bem

Clark & Clark
gain & loss principle

conformity

social learning theory

self-perception theory

doll preferences
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Darley & Latane

Eagly

Festinger

Hall

Heider

Hovland
non-helping factors (social influence and diffusion of responsibility)

gender differences and conformity (gender roles)

cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory

interpersonal distance

balance theory & attribution theory

attitude change
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Janis

Lerner

Lewin

McGuire

Milgram

Newcomb
group think and group decisions (why they go wrong)

belief in a just world

leadership styles

psychological inoculation

obedience (shock) & stimulus overload theory

political norms
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Petty &Cacioppo

Schachter

Sherif

Zajonc

Zimbardo
elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (route of persuasion)

relationship between anxiety and affiliation

autokinetic effect (robbers cave)

mere exposure effect & social facilitation effect

prison simulation
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cooperation
people act together for mutual benefit
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competition
person acts for their benefit so they can obtain a goal that has limited availability
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what is the prisoners dilemma?
experiment that investigated people choice to cooperate or compete
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prisoners dilemma figure
knowt flashcard image
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who did the robbers cave experiment?
Muzafer Sherif