exam 1 extra flashcards

negative feedback

this type of feedback negates or reverses a trend

cellular composition

made up of simplest structures meetings criteria of life —— ——

development

characterized by both differentiation and growth —— is the characteristic of life that explains increased size and functional complexity

gradient

a physiological —- is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another.

low, high

1. The movement of water from an area of —-solute concentration to an area of —- solute concentration describes osmosis.

osmosis

Movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes 

charged particles

1. — —— like  can diffuse through the membrane if specific channel proteins are open.

small NP

— —- molecules pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer.

large polar

1. Some —- —-molecules can cross the membrane via facilitated diffusion.

small polar

— — molecules can slip through small gaps in the phospholipid bilayer.

phospholipids

1. Various movements of the  —- keep the membrane fluid.

1. proteins

1. Dispersed throughout the membrane are  —-that may be transmembrane or peripheral.

1. cholesterol

1. The membrane is stiffened in some spots, decreasing its fluidity, by  —molecules.

ECF

where are sodium pumped in the NOKIA

ICF

where are potassium pumped in NOKIA

RNA

Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA

filtration

Movement of fluids through a selectively permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as

hydrostatic (blood) pressure

Fluids and small solutes are forced between cells of the vascular endothelium due to 

high to low

1. Simple diffusion describes the net movement of particles from an area of  — concentration to an area of  —- concentration.

1. facilitated diffusion

1. Solutes that cannot pass through the membrane unaided utilize  —- —— , in which the solute attaches to a binding site on a carrier and is released on the other side of the membrane without the need for energy expenditure.

DNA

gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins

transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide and from generation to generation when organisms reproduce.

free radicals

—- —-combine quickly with molecules such as fats, proteins, and DNA, converting them into — —and triggering chain reactions that destroy still more molecules.

many proteins contain minerals

a mineral is a component of thyroid hormone

minerals contribute significantly to body structure

3 roles of mineral in body

O2, CO2, urea, small polar

permeable ions

small intestine, tight junctions

1. Epithelial cells of the — ——are held together by —- —-which prevent lumenal contents from leaking between cells.

1. myocardium

gap junctions

1. Cells of the —— can contract without chemical synapses because of — —

1. desmosomes

1. Because of, adjacent cells can resist being pulled apart.

1. basement membrane

1. hemidesmosomes

1. Epithelial cells can resist being pulled away from their — —bc of —-.

simple epithelium

lines lumen of renal tubules of the kidneys

stratified epithelium

sometimes keratinized and found on the superficial surface of the skin

exocrine cells

contain septa dividing glands into lobes

include goblet and enzymes

muscular tissue

provides movement of body segments as well as movement thro the body

muscular tissue

heavily vascularized which means high rates of energy consumption

nervous tissue

functions to provide fast forms of communication

epithelial tissue

always avascular, lines surfaces and cavities,

epipthelial tissue

comprises of glandular tissue

connective tissue

serves as transitional tissue between two diff tissue types and most abundant tissue

bone tissue

site of calcium and phosphorous storage

bone tissue

provides protective enclosure for viscera

bone tissue

concentric lamellae

dense regular connective tissue

main tissue found in tendon and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

resist tensile forces from several directions and found in deeper layer of the skin

fibrocartilage

collagen fibers and chondrocytes

desmosomes

prevents cells from being pulled apart, contributes to cytoskeleton, made of adhesion proteins

gap junctions

allows electric stimulation to pass cell to cell, allow ions from cell to another, connexons

tight junction

makes sure intestinal substances pass through epithelial cells not between them, form water resistant seal bw cells

reticular connective tissue

leukocytes + reticular fibers

acinar glands

When glands have dilated, pouch-like endings, they are referred to as

tubuloacinar glands

Glands often have secretory cells located in the duct as well as the acinus. These are referred to as

support internal frame of body, energy storage, hormone transport, protect vital organs, form structural framework of liver

connective tissue functions

absorption, secretion, production of protective mucous coat, and movement of respiratory mucous

simple columnar functions

nervous tissue

excitable cells called

muscular tissue

excitable ccells that are specialized for contraction and found in heart

epithelial tissue

found in epidermis of skin

capsule

Most glands are enclosed in a fibrous

lobes septa

he glands are divided into —— by connective tissue —.

stroma ; connective

1. The glandular tissue is supported and organized by the —-, made of —- tissue.

1. parenchyma , epithelial

1. The —-, typically made of —- tissue, carry out the functions of the gland.

membrane

the body cavities are lined with

mucous membrane

lining of digestive tract is

serous membrane

visceral organs are covered with

synovial

the capsule that encloses the knee joint with a — membrane

gradient

a difference between two points

help explain diffusion and membrane transport

mattery and energy

what naturally moves down gradients

membrane proteins

glucose and ions may require —- —- to follow gradients

atlas

link terminology to visual structures and spatial relationships

key elements; trace elements

a few — —- make up most of body mass while — — have small but important physiological roles

molecular formula

what atoms are present and how many

structural formula

how atoms are arranged

isomers

same formula diff structures

molecules

atom joined by bonds

compound

2+ diff elements

dna base pairing

how does h bond help dna

dissolvd solutes

— —- influece movement of fluid between compartments

physical gradient

— —- use differences in physical conditions such as pressure temp or electrical charge

peptide bonds

amino acids are linked by

3d shape and how that shape interacts with other molecules

protein function depends on

enzyme specificity

— — depends on fit between the enzyme active site and its substrates

reaction can occur more easily

binding positions reactants so a

growth, repair, movement, heat production, and homeostasis

metabolism supports

metabolic pathways

enzymes regulate

nucleic acid polymer

dna is a —— —- p——

genes

— are functional segments of dna

membrane proteins

allow cells to transport substances, receive signals, and attach to other structures

channels, carriers, receptors, adhesion proteins

membrane proteins include

channels

allow certain substances through

carriers

bind substances and change shape

receptors

bind chemical messengers

cytoskeleton

used for structure movement and transport

plasma membrane

selectively permeable with phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

lateral surface

surface between basal and apical surface, the sidewall

basement membrane

made up of collagen and glycoproteins

terminal web

microfilament network under micrvilli

diffusion

movement from high to low, drive by gradient

concentration gradient

different in concentration between two area, substances move down gradients naturally

catabolism

releases energy

anabolism

required energy

simple cuboidal epithelium

for secretion and absorption