Modern World History Midterm Review

Giovanni Boccaccio

Wrote the Decameron, also one of the earliest Italian writers to publish in vernacular Italian

Creoles

Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class, ran the government and church in Latin America

Mestizos

People of mixed Native American and European heritage, notably in Mexico.

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent, in Latin America

Liberals/Liberalism

progress over tradition, reason over faith, universal over local values and the free government over market control, advocated equal citizenship over entrenched privilege and representative democracy over all other forms of government

Utilitarianism, Liberty, Equality, Popular Sovereignty were the main ideals in Liberalism to help make Latin American Independent.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, founded Gran Colombia after winning independence from Spain

Gran Colombia

Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions for lower social classes, called for abolition of slavery

Agustin de Iturbide

Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.

Grito de Dolores

fiery speech given by priest Father Miguel Hidalgo in 1810, started Mexico's independence movement

Empire of Mexico

The name of Mexico when Maximilian I was monarch(monarchy) Empire was ended quickly and replaced by a republic Maximilian I was executed

William I

king of the Netherlands during the Belgian Revolution of 1830, forced to grant Belgian independence in 1831

Charles X

set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances. became king after Louis XVIII

Louis Philippe

"Citizen King" of France who favored measures that benefited the middle class. replaced Charles X after the July Revolution

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.

Nicholas I

(1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeded Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, Tsar during the Polish October Uprising of 1830

Nationalists

A member of a political group advocating or fighting for national independence, a strong national government, idea popularized during the Enlightenment in the late 18th century

Frederick William IV

king of Prussia who violently suppressed democratic movements (1795-1865)

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian statesman who led his people in revolt against the Hapsburg Empire during 1848-1849, Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

Klemens von Metternich

The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna, fled after liberal revolutions in Austrian Empire in 1848-49

Giuseppe Mazzini

a radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy, wrote "On Nationality"

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Saint Domingue

Haiti half of island of Hispaniola and a French sugar producing colony; where the Toussaint L'Overture revolt occurred, independence achieved from France in 1804, abolition of slavery resulted

Louis XVI

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people, passed Declaration of the Rights of Man

3 Estates of France/Estates System

The three social classes in France before the revolution. The First Estate being the clergy, the Second being the nobility, and the Third being the rest of the population,

Harvests and Financial Crises of 1787

poor harvests during the year caused a rise in food prices, led to riots among the members of the Third Estate, high levels of national debt required more tax increases on Third Estate, also led to riots in 1787

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror, tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility

Bastille Day

celebration in France to celebrate when people stormed the bastile and is recognized as the start of the French Revolution, July 14, 1789

Jacobins Club

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed, 1793-1794, during the the French Revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to completely defeat European rivals and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property.

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. 1815

Louis XIV/Sun King

He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France.

Philip II of Spain

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

The English Civil War/Cavaliers & Roundheads

This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished. Opposing sides of the English Civil War (Cavaliers: forces of the king, Roundheads: forces of Parliament)

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. Ruled as lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Commonwealth of England

(ten year period of republic)- established by Cromwell in 1649; a republican form of government with a constitution and no Parliament, but it failed and eventually a monarchy system was restored.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to Russian society, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg, increased control over nobility to strengthen his position as absolute monarch

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Frederick the Great/Frederick II

king of Prussia 1740-1786, Was put in military training by his father before he became king because he liked poetry and writing, later when he became king he used his disciplinary army to force all to recognize Prussia as a great force. He Simplified laws, Reorganized government's civil services, and Tolerated religious differences

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government, caused Glorious Revolution of 1688 which removed him as king

Absolute Monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Jose San Martin

Helped Argentina, Chile and Peru win freedom from Spain with rebellions in southern South America; joined forces with Simon Bolivar

Social Democracy:

political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system

Robert Owen:

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment, influenced what would later become socialism

Jeremy Bentham:

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Division of Labor:

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

Steam Engine:

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Labor Unions:

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Domestic System:

The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system because it was less efficient

Factory System:

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, replaced the domestic system

The Industrial Revolution (causes & effects)

Causes: Agricultural Revolution (traditional -\> more productive, efficient, mechanical farming); Britain, the birthplace, had deposits of coal + iron ore; enclosure movement cost farmers jobs + pushed them to cities; Britain's colonies were a source for raw materials + it was a marketplace for manufactured goods (mercantilism); increased demand for British goods -\> merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production -\> factory system- Effects: Middle class emerged, urbanization increased rapidly (overcrowded housing + unsanitary living conditions), reforms (labor unions, public education in Britain, women's rights movement begins)

Joseph II:

(r. 1765

Catherine the Great:

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, encouraged legal and religious reforms because of the Enlightenment

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Voltaire:

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

Andreas Vesalius:

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

State of Nature:

The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.

Social Contract:

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Sovereign:

a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

Natural Rights:

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Salons:

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas during the Enlightenment

Baroque/Rococo:

Two art styles that cropped up during the Renaissance. One focused on a specific object in the foreground with a bare and recessive background, while the other had a focus on the entire scene.

Separation of Powers

an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

Frederick II:

"Frederick The Great"-1712-1786;King of Prussia, aggressive in foreign affairs. Used military to increase power. Encouraged religious tolerance and legal reform because of Enlightenment ideas

The Crusades:

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Effects of the Crusades:

increased trade, broke down feudalism, helped strong central governments emerge, exchanges of ideas and technology between Europe and the Middle East

The Bubonic Plague:

Also called the Black Death; is believed to be the deadly disease that spread through Asia and Europe and killed more than a third of the people in parts of China and Europe, occurred from 1347-1352

Republic:

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

The effects of the plague:

town populations fell; trade declined thus causing prices to rise; the serfs left the manor in search of better wages; nobles fiercely resisted peasant demands for higher wages thus causing peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium; Jews were falsely blamed for bringing on the plague, all over Europe Jews were driven from their homes or worse, massacred; and the Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers failed to stop the onslaught of the bubonic plague and priests abandoned their duties

Direct Democracy:

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Renaissance:

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome, began in the 1400s

Northern Renaissance:

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

Absolute Monarchy:

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Humanism:

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Niccolo Machiavelli:

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527), wrote the book The Prince

Leonardo da Vinci:

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

William Shakespeare:

(1564

Thomas Hobbes:

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Johann Gutenberg:

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press, invented in 1457

Baron de Montesquieu:

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Renaissance Man:

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

Jean-Jacques Rousseau:

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

John Locke:

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Petrarch:

One of Europe's greatest lyric poets, famous work is Canzonieri. Wrote in vernacular Italian, known as the Father of Humanism

The Enlightenment:

A movement in the 17th and 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Dante Alighieri:

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory, also one of earliest Italian poets to write in vernacular Italian

Robert Boyle:

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)