Breath Sounds, patterns, palpation, and percussion

Apnea

No breathing caused by cardiac arrest, narcotic overdose, severe brain trauma

Apneustic Breathing

deep, gasping inspirations with brief partial expiration caused by damage to brain stem or trauma

Ataxic Breathing

completely irregular breathing patterns with variable periods of apnea caused by damage to medulla

Asthmatic Breathing

prolonged exhalation with recruitment of abdominal muscles caused by obstruction to airflow out of the lungs

Biot Breathing

clustering of rapid, shallow breaths coupled with regular or irregular periods of apnea caused by damage to brainstem by stroke or trauma

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

irregular type of breathing; breathing increase and decrease in depth and rate with periods of apnea caused by damage to bilateral cerebral hemisphere and basal ganglia

Kussmaul Breathing

deep and fast respirations caused by metabolic acidosis

Paradoxical Breathing Types

Abdominal paradox

Chest Paradox

Abdominal paradox Breathing

abdominal wall moves inward on inspiration and outward on expiration caused by diaphragmatic fatigue or paralysis

Chest Paradox Breathing

part of all of chest moves inward on inspiration and outward on expiration found in patients with chest trauma or sternal fractures

Periodic Breathing

breathing oscillates between periods of rapid, deep breathing and slow, shallow breathing without periods of apnea caused by damage to bilateral cerebral hemisphere and basal ganglia

Normal Breathing Sounds

audible vibrations primarily generated by turbulent airflow in larger airways; sounds are altered as they travel through the lung periphery and chest wall

Bronchial Breath Sounds

normal breath sounds heard over trachea; abnormal if heard over peripheral lung regions

Tracheal Breath Sounds

heard directly over trachea; created by turbulent flow; loud with expiratory components equal to or slightly longer than inspiratory component

Bronchovesicular Breath Sounds

heard around sternum; softer and slightly lower in pitch

Vesicular Breath Sounds

heard over lung parenchyma; very soft and low pitched

Diminished Breath Sounds

sound intensity at site of generation is reduced due to shallow or slow breathing

Wheezes

consistent with airway obstruction; high pitched, usually expiratory

Stridor

upper airway compromised; inspiratory = narrowing of glottis; expiratory = narrowing of lower trachea

Croup

stridor; swelling in larynx

Coarse Crackles

airflow moves secretions through airways; can be cleared by cough or suctioned

Fine Crackles

sudden opening of small airways in deep breathing; collapsed alveoli

What does Vocal and Tactile Fremitus increase with?

pneumonia and atelectasis

What does Vocal and Tactile Fremitus decrease with?

emphysema, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion

What is bilateral reduction in chest expansion go with?

neuromuscular disease and COPD

What is unilateral reduction in chest expansion go with?

pneumonia and pneumothorax

How can Resonance be classified?

normal, increased, or decreased

Decreased (Dull) Resonance

pneumonia or pleural effusion; increased lung tissue density

Increased (Hyper) Resonance

emphysema or pneumothorax; more air