IB Psychology HL Revision Flashcards

IB Psychology HL 11 Year One Revision Flashcards for Spring Final Exam

What causes Neuroplasticity?

The repeated firing of the neurons in a specific area of the brain

What does research about the hippocampus show?

That it plays the role of consolidating episodic memory from STM to LTM. This is an example of relative localization

What does an fMRI measure to track neural activity?

Change in levels of oxygen in the blood

What research method did Sharot (2007) use in their study of amygdala activity related to memories of summer and September 11th?

Quasi-experiment

Why is there often a problem of bidirectional ambiguity in biological research?

It is not possible to manipulate an independent variable and measure its effect on a dependent variable.

How was Maguire able to rule out bidirectional ambiguity in her study of taxi drivers' hippocampi?

She found a correlation between the amount of time that the participants had been taxi drivers and the size of their hippocampi

What is scopolamine?

An acetylcholine antagonist

What research design was used in the study by Rasmusson and Dudar (1979) involving finger mazes and scopolamine?

Repeated measures

Which statement about hormones is NOT true?

Hormones are stored in vesicles at the end of neurons.

What is a correct evaluation of Newcomer's (1999) study of cortisol's role on verbal declarative recall?

Low internal validity and low ecological validity.

What is true regarding the potential role of pheromones in human mating behavior?

There is no evidence that humans have a functional vomeronasal organ that would allow us to detect pheromones.

Which of the following is NOT a function of pheromones in animals?

Signaling that one is not healthy

Which technique for studying the role of genetics in behaviour uses an inductive approach?

Genomewide association studies

What is TRUE of kinship (family) studies?

They are often dependent on anecdotal data.

Which of the following is an example of an experiment in genetics?

The use of transgenic mice to test the link between a gene and aggression.

When an older animal in a herd rushes a predator to protect the younger members of the herd and dies, what is this an example of?

Inclusive fitness

Evolutionary arguments underestimate the role of and _ in human behaviour.

culture and cognition

What is a limitation of Buss's (1989) cross-cultural study of mating preferences?

Buss used an etic approach; the questions were formed out of a Western model of relationships.

Blind controls are used to increase what type of validity of a study?

The objectivity of the study

What research design was used in the juggling study by Draganski?

Independent samples

Which factor is NOT considered necessary for a flashbulb memory to be encoded?

In-group identification

Which of the following memory models/theories best explains how memories can be distorted?

Schema theory

Warrington and Shallice's (1972) case study of patient KF supports the theory that

Visual and auditory information is processed in different short-term memory stores.

According to Cowan, how many items of information may be held in STM?

3 - 5

According to Glanzer and Cunitz's (1966) study, why was some information recalled more than others?

Primacy effect - it had been stored in LTM as a result of rehearsal

What is the name given to the process of changing one's schema to match new information?

Accommodation

Count money or count blank pieces of paper experiment examined what psychological phenomenon?

Priming

What was the effect of gender schema in Martin and Halverson's (1983) study?

In images with female actors, those activities with gender stereotypes were more often remembered than inconsistent activities, whereas for pictures with male actors, those activities inconsistent with the stereotype were remembered better.

How did Cox and Griggs' (1982) increase the internal validity of their study using the Wason selection test?

They counterbalanced the study

Buying a new insurance plan without reading carefully because I was stresssed at work exhibits poor decision making most likely due to which factor?

Cognitive load

Which of the following statements is false with regard to the Dual Process Model of decision-making?

There is no biological support for the model.

Which type of memory may be reconstructed?

Episodic memory

Which design was used in Brewer and Treyen's (1981) office study?

An independent samples design

In the terms of eyewitness testimony, what is the problem investigated by Loftus and Palmer (1974)?

Misinformation effect

What is the term for participants answering the question simply based on the intensity of the verb?

Response bias

Remembering most recent conflicts and significant past conflict shows what cognitive bias?

Peak-end rule

What research method did Sharot use in her study of flashbulb memory in which she tested the response of the amygdala to words linked to summer or to September?

Quasi-experiment

Which research method was used in Neisser and Harsh's study of flashbulb memories after the Challenger accident?

A natural experiment

According to the Working Memory Model, what is the role of the Central Executive?

Allocates sensory information to appropriate subsystems

What needs to happen to information in the sensory buffer (register) in order for it to be remembered?

Selective attention

Which of the following is a characteristic of the enculturation strategy known as direct tuition?

The behaviour is learned by receiving rewards and/or punishments from a gatekeeper.

How did Fagot (1978) control for researcher bias in her study?

Researcher triangulation

What term describes the process of passing culture down to the next generation?

Vertical transmission

A NOT true statement about enculturation?

Enculturation leads to stress that may have effect on mental and physical health

Which two aspects of social identity theory play a role in the formation of stereotypes?

Social categorization and out-group bias

When evaluating Schaller's study of the role of SIT in the formation of stereotypes, which statement is correct?

The study has high internal validity.

Why stereotypes are resistant to change?

Discounting

A bias of Hilliard and Liben's (2010) sample in their study of gender stereotyping?

Gender bias

Used in Levine's (2005) study of SIT and helping behaviour?

A field experiment

Not true about Social Identity Theory?

The theory has been useful in predicting an individual's behaviour.

Which of the following is problematic in the study by Levine et al (2005)?

It doesn’t have high internal validity

Behaviors and values of your in-group

Social identification

What one is NOT example of Bandura's mediating processes in his theory of Social Cognitive Theory?

Problem-solving

Used in Charlton's (2002) study of the role of television on aggression in children on the island of St Helena?

Natural experiment

Evaluation statements is NOT true about Social Cognitive Theory?

Lacks biological support

Role of television on children in Notel, Canada

A prospective, longitudinal independent measures design

Why do people tend to have lower task performance?

Anxiety that they will be judged by others based on their group membership

Effect of gender stereotypes on memory in children

Low ecological validity; low internal validity.

Why do researchers use a matched-pairs design?

To control for participant variability

Stereotypes may influence eyewitness recall of a crime?

Reconstructive memory

Share the traits of that culture?

Ecological fallacy

Effect on Temne and Inuits

No significant effect

Focus of Chen et al's (2005)

long term vs. short term orientation

Name given to the process of making people more aware of one of their social or cultural identities as seen in the study by Chen et al (2005)?

Priming

Which of the following is an advantage of using interviews instead of questionnaires when carrying out research?

Follow up questions may be asked by the interviewer

Miranda and Matheny (2000)

English language proficiency

Language in acculturation?

The preference for speaking English only is a predictor of low acculturative stress.

Abandon their original culture

Assimilation

There is no evidence that any behavior has strict localization.

True

It is not possible for researchers to observe the interaction of different parts of the brain in behavior.

True

Maguire's (2000) study of the brains of taxi drivers vs people who are not taxi drivers used an MRI. The study lacks ecological validity.

False

Many studies that use MRI or fMRI scans have small sample sizes. This is because the use of scanning technology is very expensive.

True

Layla gives a set of MRI scans to a colleague in Australia. She has noticed that the brains of serial killers have some considerable differences from "healthy" brains. She points this out to her colleague and asks her if she agrees. This increases the credibility of her findings.

False

There are exclusively male and female hormones.

False

Cortisol is a stress hormone that is responsible for activating the sympathetic nervous system so that breathing rate and heart rate increase - getting us ready for fight or flight.

False

One of the problems with studies like Wedekind's smelly shirt study and Zhou's clove study is that they have not been successfully replicated.

True

Androstadienone is a potential pheromone found in male urine.

False

One of the limitations of kinship (family, pedigree) studies is that they are often based on anecdotal data.

True

Twin studies often make use of siblings as well as step-family members.

True

Genomewide association studies use a deductive approach to test the link between a gene and a behavior.

False

Psychologists argue that a single gene may lead to a behavior.

False

A study in which a pair of MZ twins are separated at birth - where one stays with the birth family and the other is adopted - is an example of a natural experiment.

True

Evolutionary psychologists argue that our mating choices are based on the possibility of producing healthy offspring.

True

When carrying out a questionnaire, the responses must be anonymous.

False

Schema play a role both in the encoding and the retrieval of memories.

True

One of the problems with stereotypes is that they tend to affect the encoding and retrieval of memories. We tend remember when a person's behavior is schema-congruent more than when it is schema-incongruent.

True

They didn't have a script for what to do during a fire.

False

Studies like McGaugh and Cahill (1995) show that cortisol may play an important role in the creation of flashbulb memories.

False

In flashbulb memories people have an incredibly accurate recall of the event.

False

The right to withdraw from research can have a direct effect on the generalizability of a study.

True

In Martin and Halverson's (1986) study, they would only have to get the informed consent of the parents, not from the children.

True

If a student sees that one of her peers is reprimanded by the teacher for asking a "stupid question," she will most likely not feel comfortable asking a question in that class.

True

A child watches a lot of superhero films on television. However, he is a rather quiet child, not showing any acts of aggression. Months after seeing his last superhero film, he gets upset with another child on the playground and punches him. This is the result of social learning.

True

Social Identity Theory can be used to explain the formation of stereotypes.

True

Mistreated by Czech waiter assumes all Czech people mean. This is an example of illusory correlation.

False

Stereotypes can interfere with the encoding and retrieval of memory.

True

Priming an individual about their group identity may lead to stereotype threat.

True

One of the key traits of individualistic cultures is a need for privacy.

True

Hofstede developed his theory by carrying out interviews with people around the world.

False

All cultures are either collectivistic or individualistic.

False