Studied by 1 person
UIOWA HHP:1300
Central nervous system
Brain + spinal cord
recieve and send information
Peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
communication
white matter
myelinated axons
gray matter
unmyelinated axons
afferent neurons
neurons that carry sensory information to the central nervous system
efferent neurons
neurons that transmit signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
schwann cells
neuroglial cells that myelinate peripheral neurons
oligodendrocytes
neuroglial cells that myelinate central nervous system neurons.
astrocytes
nurishment of neurons, form blood-brain barrier
microglia
cleaning debris / marcophage
ependymal cells
produce CSF
excitable tissues
undergo rapid changes in resting membrane potential and can change their resting potentials into electrical signals
Where is there more sodium
outside the cell than inside.
where is there more potassium
inside the cell than outside.
polarization
membrane potential other than 0mV
depolarization
the process of reducing the membrane potential, making it less negative than the resting potential.
repolarization
the process of restoring the membrane potential to its resting state after depolarization.
hyperpolarization
the process of increasing the membrane potential, making it more negative than the resting potential.
leaky channels
ions constantly slowly diffuse through
ligand-gated channels
channels that are opened chemically by neurotransmitters
voltage-gated channels
channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.
mechanical-gated channels
channels that open in response to mechanical deformation of the cell membrane, sensor changes
what type of channels does K+ have
leaky and voltage gated
what channels does Na+ have
voltage-gated channels
what voltage do Na+ channels open
around -55 mV
graded potentials
magnitude varies with stimulus strength, gradua;;y decrease
action potential
breif, rapid change in membrane potential, all or none. begins at axon hillock
what is it when a graded potential reaches above threshold
action potential
sequence for action potentials
depolarization, peak, repolarization, hyper polarization, return to resting potential
saltatory conduction
action potential jump from one node to the next
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
postsynaptic cell membrane depolarizes, less negative
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
postsynaptic potential cell membrane hyperpolarizes, more negative
where is acetylcholinesterase (AChE) found
synaptic cleft
what is the function of acetylcholinesterase
breaks down ACh, which is taken back into presynaptic cell
divergence
one neuron to many neurons, motor
convergence
many neurons ot one neuron, sensory
conditions for postsynaptic neuron to fire
right number of active synapses, if synapses are excitatory or inhibitory
summation
more than one synapse needed to add input together to reach threshold
temporal summation
1 presynaptic neuron stimulating repeatedly, fast enough to reach threshold in postsynaptic neuron
Spatial summmation
multiple presynaptic neurons stimulate postsynaptic neurons to reach threshold
what is the largest part of the brain
cerebrum
frontal lobe
executive resaoning, control motor movement
parietal lobes
perception of senses
temporal lobe
auditory cortex
occipital lobe
visual cortex
insula
integration of sensory information with visceral responses
Positron emission tomography (PET)
injection of radionucleotide tracer, brain metabolism
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
uses magnet, protons charged and spin, looks at density
electroencephalogram (EEG)
tracks brain waves
what does the left hemisphere specialize in
usually dominant, language, analytical ability, talking and understanding
what does the right hemisphere specialize in
visuospatial, patterns
Broca’s area
understand language, but can not coordinate motor to speak
Wernicke’s area
responsible for ability to comprehend language and form words
where does parkinsons occur
basal nuclei
basal nuclei
suppress unwanted patterns of movement, releases dopamine
what makes up the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus
function of limbic system
emotions, aggression, fear, “smell brain”, sex drive, reward and punishment behavior
short term memory
less than 30 seconds
long term memory
more than 30 seconds
non-declarative memory
simple skills, tying shoes - long term
declarative memory
facts and events
where does memory consolidation occur
temporal lobe, amygdala and hippocampud
if memory has an emotional component, what part of the brain is involved
amygdala
what makes up the diencephalon
thalamus and the hypothalamus
what does the brain stem do
regulate vegetative functions, HR and digestion
brain stem components
medulla, pons, midbrain
what is the midbrains main function
motor movement of eye, auditory processing
reticular activating system (RAS)
network of neurons projecting into cortex, activated by receiving sensory information, wakefulness
function/importance of sleep
concolidating memories, forming synapses
cerebellum
coordinates movement, maintains position of body, planning and initiating movement
what does damage to cerebellum lead to
ataxia, uncoordinated movement
how many pairs of spinal nerves leave spinal cord
31 pairs
ascending tract
carry sensory information up to brain
descending tract
carry motor information away from brain
spinal nerves
cluster of both afferent and efferent neurons
reflex
simple, response to a stimulus
reflex arc pathway
stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron/down afferent pathway, integrating center, motor neuron/efferent pathway, effector, response
somatic nervous system
voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle
autonomic nervous system
involuntary, innervates cardiac and smooth muscle, glands and fat
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