Bio 2 Exam 2

fungi are

Heterotrophs, but don’t ingest their food

Hyphae

tubular cell walls surrounding plasma membrane and cytoplasm of cells

most fungi have call walls made of

Chitin

fungi consist of

mycelia

What is Mycelia

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

Some fungi have hyphae divides into cells by septa with

pores allowing cell-to-cell movement

Some unique fungi have specialized hyphae that let them penetrate the tissues of living hosts. what are these hyphae called?

Haustoria

almost all vascular plants have

mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae are

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

Fungi spores rely heavily on

wind, water, and animals to move them

If spores land in moist place, they

germinate and produce new mycelia

Fungi propagate themselves by

producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually

plasmogamy

is the union of two parent mycelia/hyphae to increase genetic diversity

the heterokaryotic stage is

two unfused nuclei from different plants

Mutually beneficial relationships between plant roots and fungi are called

Mycorrhizae

Chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota) are found in

freshwater and terrestrial habitats

Chytrids

can be saprobic or parasitic

chytrids are unique amongst fungi having

flagellated spores called zoospores

zygomycetes include

fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

The zygomycetes are named for

their sexually produced zygosporangia

Zygosporangia are

resistant to freezing and dying and can survive in unfavorable conditions

Some zygomycetes, such as Pilobolus, can

aim their sporangia toward conditions associated with good food sources

The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota)

were once considered zygomycetes

ascomycetes reproduce

asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia

Basidomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota)

include mushrooms, puffballs and shelf fungi

almost all vascular plants rely on

mycorrhizae for essential nutrients

pine seedlings are often inoculated with

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Animals

are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

tissues are

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called

cleavage

Cleavage leads to formation of a multicellular, hollow

blastula

The blastula undergoes

gastrulation

§The blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a ______ with different layers of embryonic tissues

gastrula

Most animals have at least one

larval stage

A ______ is sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult

larva

larva eventually undergo

metamorphosis

a juvenile resembles an adult but is not yet

sexually mature

Radially symmetrical animals have

§Radially symmetrical animals have a top and a bottom, but no front and back, or left and right

The two-sided symmetry of a shovel is an example

bilateral symmetry

the germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

ectoderm

the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron

endoderm

what animals have only ectoderm and endoderm

diploblastic

animals also have an intermediate tissue layer called mesoderm

triploblastic

Triploblastic animals also have an intermediate tissue layer called

mesoderm

Most triploblastic animals possess a

body cavity

A true body cavity is called a _____ and is derived from mesoderm

coelom

_____are animals that possess a true coelom

Coelomates

Triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom are called

pseudocoelomates

animals that lack a body cavity are called

acoelomates

Based on early development, many animals can be categorized as having _________ or _______

protostome development, deuterostome development

n protostome development, cleavage is ________ and ________

spiral, determinate

In animals with determinate cleavage, the developmental fate of embryonic cells is

determined early in development

In protostome development, cleavage is

spiral and determinate

in deuterostome development, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the ______ to form the coelom

archenteron

The _________ forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

blastopore

In protostome development

the blastopore becomes the mouth

In deuterostome development

the blastopore becomes the anus

what are ribosomes for

to make protein

The bilaterians are divided into three clades

Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa

bilaterians have

bilateral symmetry

fungi decompose

anything carbon based

lichen can be composed of which things

fungi, bacteria, algae

fungi are

heterotrophs

Leaves are converters of energy from the sun through

chloroplasts

the above ground portion axis of vascular plants is

the stem

A region of the stem where one or more leaves and lateral buds sprout

the node

Stretches of stem between nodes. Orient leaves, branches and inflorescences

Internodes

the complete flower structure of the plant

inflorescences

Tip of the stem that connects to the apical bud

apex

A center for growth found at the tip of the stem

apical bud

Groups of cells that continually divide, located at the tip of a root or shoot

meristems

the leaves are attached at nodes on alternate sides as they go up the stem

alternate

The leaves grow directly opposite each other on the stem

opposite

the leaves are oriented in a whorled formation in which their point of attachment appears to spiral up the stem

whorled

Stolons are above-ground runners that can form new plants, while rhizomes are horizontal, underground stems with nodes. Both are stem tissues

Rhizome & Stolons

bryophytes are

non vascular plants

sporophytes are typically present

only part of the time

In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes are

larger and longer living than sporophytes

gametophytes are

haploid

sporophytes are

diploid

The two main groups of angiosperms are

monocot and (eu)dicots

Auxins

are a hormone that stimulates growth

Cytokinin

a hormone that regulates growth and development, promotes cell division, and leads to shoot formation

Gibberellic Acid (GA)

A hormone that’s the primary regulator of stem elongation and seed germination

Abscisic Acid

regulates germination and response during drought it moves water from root to leaf to atmosphere letting it thrive in harsh conditions

Ethylene

A gaseous hormone so the air will be cleaned by air filter systems during fruit storage so it lasts longer, Regulates seedling growth and the formation of root hairs, a ripening hormone

Hormones stimulate

plant propagation

Hormones regulate and stimulate

plant growth and development

Plants can thrive and/or come back to life if they’re able to

accept the hormones

The Vascular Bundle

Made up of the xylem, the phloem, and bundle sheath cells as well as fibers for support

Chlorophyll within chloroplasts absorb red and blue wavelengths of light and reflect

green

The chlorophyll has reached the end of its functional lifespan and begins to degenerate in which seasons

the fall and winter

Herbaceous

Green, flexible stem, above ground parts die and are reabsorbed into the soil

Epidermis

outer covering

Cortex

Found just inside the epidermis, extends toward the interior of the stem, serves as a storage area for excess nutrients​

Pith

 Central part of the stem, composed of thin-walled parenchyma cells, stores and transports nutrients​

Xylem

Transports water upward from the roots to parts of the plants, faces toward the center in dicotyledonous stems

Phloem

Conducts foods made in the leaves during photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant, faces toward the outside in dicotyledonous stems

Cambium

Promote growth of secondary xylem and phloem, provides non-specialized stem cells, located between xylem and phloem.

what does the cell wall do

Surrounds the cell, providing protection and support