english civil war and glorious revolution process

Why did James I clash with Parliament?

James I believed in the divine right of kings and resisted Parliament
j s control over taxation, creating early tensions between monarchy and Parliament.

What actions by Charles I triggered the English Civil War?

He ruled without Parliament for 11 years, imposed illegal taxes like ship money, enforced religious uniformity, and attempted to arrest Parliamentary leaders.

Who were the Cavaliers and Roundheads?

Cavaliers supported the king and were mostly nobles and Anglicans, while Roundheads supported Parliament and included Puritans, merchants, and the New Model Army.

What made the New Model Army effective?

It was a disciplined, merit-based military force led by Cromwell, which allowed Parliament to defeat the king
j s forces.

What role did Oliver Cromwell play during and after the Civil War?

He led the New Model Army, oversaw Charles I
j s execution, and ruled as Lord Protector during the Interregnum under a Puritan military regime.

What was the Interregnum?

The period with no king after Charles I
j s execution when England became a Commonwealth and later a Protectorate under Cromwell.

What happened during the Restoration?

Charles II returned as king, restoring the monarchy, but his pro-French and pro-Catholic tendencies worried Parliament.

Why did James II
j s rule alarm Parliament?

He openly promoted Catholics to government and military positions, alarming Protestants and violating existing laws like the Test Act.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

Parliament invited William of Orange and Mary to take the throne, leading James II to flee and establishing a new Protestant monarchy without civil war.

What did the English Bill of Rights establish?

It limited the monarch
j s power, required parliamentary approval for taxation, and ensured a constitutional monarchy.

What government emerged after the Glorious Revolution?

A constitutional monarchy where the king
j s power was limited by law and shared with Parliament.

What major shift did the English Civil War represent?

It ended the idea of divine-right monarchy and strengthened Parliament as a permanent political force.

How did the Glorious Revolution change European politics?

It created a successful model of constitutionalism and limited monarchy, contrasting with absolutist governments like Louis XIV
j s France.

What belief shaped the Stuart kings
j claim to power?

They believed in the divine right of kings, which justified absolute authority and clashed with parliamentary limits.

Why was Parliament important in 17th-century England?

Parliament controlled taxation, giving it critical power over the monarch and fueling conflicts when kings tried to bypass it.

What did the Petition of Right demand from Charles I?

Parliament demanded he end arbitrary taxation, illegal imprisonment, and forced quartering of soldiers.

What was Charles I
j s Personal Rule?

An 11-year period where Charles governed without Parliament, relying on controversial taxes and inflaming opposition.

Why was ship money controversial?

Charles I expanded it from a coastal defense tax to a national tax without Parliament
j s consent.

Why did Puritans dislike Archbishop Laud?

Laud imposed high-church reforms that resembled Catholic practices, which Puritans believed threatened English Protestant identity.

Why was the Short Parliament called
j short
j ?

Charles I dissolved it after three weeks when MPs refused to vote him money without reforms.

What did the Long Parliament accomplish?

It undid Charles
j s policies, abolished illegal taxes, executed Strafford, and asserted the need for regular parliamentary sessions.

What event directly triggered the Civil War?

Charles I attempted to arrest five members of Parliament, violating parliamentary privilege.

What was Pride
j s Purge?

Cromwell
j s army removed MPs who opposed executing Charles I, leaving only the Rump Parliament.

Why was the execution of Charles I significant?

It demonstrated that a monarch could be held accountable by his subjects and ended divine-right monarchy.

What replaced the monarchy after 1649?

England became a republican Commonwealth, though dominated by the army.

What was Cromwell
j s Protectorate?

A military dictatorship where Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector and enforced strict Puritan laws.

What was the purpose of the Clarendon Code?

To restrict non-Anglicans and reinforce the supremacy of the Church of England.

Why was the Test Act passed?

To bar Catholics from public office by requiring officials to reject Catholic doctrine.

How did James II provoke opposition?

He appointed Catholics to key positions and suspended anti-Catholic laws, angering Protestant leaders.

Who invited William of Orange to invade England?

The Immortal Seven, a group of nobles who sought to protect Protestantism and English liberties.

Why were William and Mary chosen to rule?

They were Protestant, accepted parliamentary limits on royal power, and ensured a stable constitutional order.

What did the Toleration Act of 1689 do?

It granted limited religious freedom to Protestant dissenters, expanding religious pluralism but excluding Catholics.

What long-term result came from the Glorious Revolution?

A permanent constitutional monarchy where Parliament became the dominant political authority.