psych 101 final

sandi mclaughlin study guide

the scientific study of behavior/mental processes

psychology

individuals differ with respect to mode of instruction

learning styles

t/f: learning styles are more important than strategy and should be matched to teaching styles

false there is no evidence to prove that learning styles are more important than strategy

what are the best ways to study according to research

addressing common misconceptions and difficult concepts, practice testing, interleaving (variety of concepts), deep processing of information, and metacognitive skills

a mindset where a person believes that learning ability or intelligence is something that is had or not had, so effort is not important

fixed mindset

a mindset where a person views intelligence or learning as an ability that can be cultivated and tend to flourish when challenged

growth mindset

who proposed the concept of growth vs fixed mindset

carol dweck

the belief that that mind can exist beyond the body; socrates and plato

dualism

the belief that knowledge is gained through observation; john locke

empiricism

a school of psychology concerned with studying the individual elements of consciousness

structuralism

a school of psychology concerned with studying the individual elements of consciousness

structuralis

a school of psychology focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities function in their environment

functionalism

a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole

gestalt psychology

what does tabula rosa mean

blank slate; john locke stated that the human mind is one

the father of modern psychology originating in germany; argued that the mind could be examined scientifically/objectively

wilhem wundt

the father of psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory; believed humans were motivated by primitive sexual desire, forbidden desires, and traumatic childhood repressions

sigmund freud

a significant figure of the behavioral approach to psychology; was the president of the APA; conducted the little albert study and wanted scientific inquiry to be a primary focus

john b watson

a significant figure of the behavioral approach to psychology and researched learning through conditioning and reinforcement

bf skinnera

a significant figure of structuralism who believed experiences could be broken down into individual emotions/sensations

edward titchener

a significant figure in the belief of functionalism who saw consciousness as continuous changing thoughts; father of american psychology; was inspired by the concept of natural selection

william james

one of the first researchers into observational learning; conducted the bobo doll study; proposed the key ingredients of observational learning

albert bandura

what are the key ingredients for observational learning

attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

russian physiologist that is a significant figure in the behavioral approach to psychology; conducted the dog salivation experiment

ivan pavlov

studied learning processes in animals an the ability of these animals to learn through association as a result of consequences; provided the foundation for skinner and watson; proposed the law of effect

edward thorndike

if a response produces a satisfying effect, the response is likely to return again

law of effect

believed that people naturally seek patterns/wholes; created gestalt psychology

max wertheimer

a significant figure in the humanistic approach to psychology; studied the personality and practice of psychotherapy; believed that we are always trying to be our best self and that unconditional positive regard is crucial to personality development

carl rogers

a significant figure in the humanistic approach who studied motivation/emotion and believed people should strive for self-actualization

abraham maslow

had an interest in basic processes; developed the motor theory of consciousness

margaret washburnh

what is the motor theory of consciousness

all thought can be traced back to bodily movements

emphasized that social development is continuous and doesnt end at a specific age or stage; proposed the model of social development

erik erikson

proposed a theory of cognitive development in children that suggests mental development derives from children's interactions with the world around them; one of the first to suggest that children think differently from adults

jean piaget

studied babies' response to mother returning after leaving in the strange situation test to study infant attachment

mary ainsworth

worked with infant monkeys separated from mothers in research for infant attachment

harry harlow

expressed relationship advice where he found that low levels of conflict does not equal a good relationship, positivity and negativity in a relationship must be 5:1; proposed the four horsemen of relationships

john gottman

4 horsemen of relationships

criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

coined the term cognitive dissonance, conducted a study in research for it

leon festinger

measured saliva produced by dogs during consumption; instead of producing more saliva solely in response to food; dogs would start once people or sounds signified feeding time

pavlov's dog study

stimuli that elicit a natural or reflexive response without prior experience

ex: smell/taste of food

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

naturally-occuring/reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus

ex: salivation

unconditioned response (UCR)

a stimulus that doesn't elicit the reflexive/desired response

neutral stimulus

neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus creates a conditioned response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

conducted by john b watson in which he looked at the emotional side of classical conditioning; used nine-month-old infant "Little Albert" in which the boy was presented with objects and animals to see if he had natural fear, but he had none except for loud noises; became terrified of small white animals that resembled rats.

little albert experiment

worked with infant monkeys separated from mothers, in which cloth padding on their cages (or on the fake monkey mother) were important to their development no matter the nourishment provided

harlows study

wanted to test people's obedience to an authority figure, so individuals were instructed to shock another person (an actor) in another room with increasingly high volts, even to the point of "death"

65% of people were willing to administer a "deadly" shock.

stanley milgram's experiments

conducted by philip zimbardo in which he studied the psychological effects of prison life in randomly assigned healthy young men; five prisoners had to be released early due to becoming physically ill from distress & the experiment abruptly halted on the fifth day due to escalating abuse, harassment, and prisoner distress.

stanford prison experiment

an unreliable study in which andrew wakefield suggested that the mmr vaccine was a cause of autism.

wakefield study

a classic study in conformity in which people were asked to determine the length of some lines, in which the subjects tended to say a wrong answer if others around them were giving wrong answers.

soloman asch study

conducted by albert bandura, he found that children would imitate adults when they witnessed an adult abuse the doll, ignore the doll, or not interact at all with the doll.

bobo doll study

what is the behavioral view of psychology and how do they view behavior

Characterized by ideas of observable behaviors, classical conditioning, reinforcement/punishment, scientific inquiry, etc. views behavior as patterns of reinforcements that cause dysfunctional behaviors. popular figures include watson and skinner.

what is the psychodynamic view of psychology and how do they view behavior

characterized by ideas of primitive sexual desire, forbidden wants, traumatic childhood, dream analysis, the influence of the unconscious, etc. views behaviors as unconscious conflicts and possible underlying psychological factors (like trauma) as a root cause to most psychological problems. popular figure includes sigmund freud.

what is the humanistic view of psychology and how do they view behavior?

view that emphasized self-esteem, self-expression, self-actualization/fulfillment, free will, taking responsibility for behavior, unconditional positive regard etc. views behavior as a gauge of how much of a discrepancy there is between your perception of your actual self and your ideal self. popular figures include abraham maslow and carl rogers.

what is the biological view of psychology and how do they view behavior

grew out of medical model and looks for physical problems as a root cause of psychological disorder, such as structural abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysfunction, etc

what is the evolutionary view of psychology and how do they view behavior

views based on charles darwins natural selection; views behavior as having evolved due to survival benefits

what is the sociocultural view of psychology and how do they view behavior

view that recognizes the importance of taking into account each persons specific social system (relationships, social and cultural customs/norms)

process for conducting an objective inquiry

scientific method

first step to the scientific method is _______, followed by the second step where you _________.

a. formulate a hypothesis; analyze results
b. formulate a hypothesis; test the hypothesis
c. identify the problem; conduct background research
d. formulate a hypothesis; conduct background research

c. identify the problem; conduct background research

what is nature vs nuture

genetics vs life experiences on development

in order to study nature vs nurture, twin studies control _____ for whereas adoption studies control for ______.

environment; genetics

the probability that one twin will develop a condition if the other twin has been diagnosed

concordance rateh

the most conclusive way to test a hypothesis about human behavior; manipulating variable establishes casuality

experiment

research conducted to assess the relationship between two variables

correlational study

a directed conversation in which an interviewer intends to elicit specific information from an individual

interview

researcher asks a series of questions about behavior or opinions

survey

the manipulated variable of an experiment

independent variable

the measured variable of an experiment

dependent variable

a group that is given no treatment in an experiment as a means of comparison to the experimental group

control

how strongly two variables are related; (r) between +1.00 and -1.00; the closer to zero the coefficient is, the weaker the relationship

correlation coefficient

(-1.00 to 0) as on variable increases, the other decreases

negative correlation

jonathan increased the amount of time he spends exercising each week and finds that his weight is decreasing

this is an example of what kind of correlation

negative correlation

(0 to +1.00) as one variable increases OR decreases, the other variable will vary in the same direction.

positive correlation

haley has started to increase her intake of unhealthy foods, and finds that her weight is increasing.

this is an example of what kind of correlation?

positive correlation

a participant's behavior is altered because they are being observed

reactivity

taking a random sample of a group of people/population ensures

representation

observer expects a behavior and notices only actions that support their theory

observer bias

the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs/values

confirmation bias

what is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist

psychiatrists...more medical, can prescribe medicine
psychologists...scientific method and behaviors; some can prescribe medicine

what does apa stand for

american psychological association

what is the dsm-5

the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders; the apa's official guide for diagnosing mental/psychological disorders and the first edition of the manual to attempt to include both categorical and dimensional information.

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

learning

increasing behaviors; any event/thing/outcome that strengthens a preceding response

reinforcement

decreases or weakens a behavior; the opposite of reinforcement

punishment

strengthen a response with a pleasurable consequence

ex: giving a dog a treat

positive reinforcement

strengthen a response by removing an undesirable consequence

ex: rocking a baby to stop it from crying

negative reinforcement

learning occurs by associating two events that are repeatedly paired so that you eventually respond to a neutral stimulus the way you respond to the natural stimulus

ex pavlovs dogs

classical conditioning

jessica has started to ring a bell every time she feeds her cat, and eventually whenever she rings the bell her cat will run to the bowl expecting food.

what type of conditioning is this

classical conditioning

in pavlov's experiment, he used dogs and measured the saliva produced by dogs during consumption, finding that eventually sounds or people that signified feeding time would produce the same response.

what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of the experiment?

smell/taste of food

in pavlov's experiment, he used dogs and measured the saliva produced by dogs during consumption, finding that eventually sounds or people that signified feeding time would produce the same response.

what is the unconditioned response (UCR) of the experiment?

salivation

in pavlov's experiment, he used dogs and measured the saliva produced by dogs during consumption, finding that eventually sounds or people that signified feeding time would produce the same response.

what is the natural stimulus
of the experiment?

the people/sounds

n pavlov's experiment, he used dogs and measured the saliva produced by dogs during consumption, finding that eventually sounds or people that signified feeding time would produce the same response.

what is the conditioned stimulus (US) of the experiment?

the connection between people and food

in pavlov's experiment, he used dogs and measured the saliva produced by dogs during consumption, finding that eventually sounds or people that signified feeding time would produce the same response.

what is the conditioned response (CR) of the experiment?

saliva in response to people/sounds

a learned response to eating food that is toxic, spoiled, or posionous

taste aversion

conditioning that occurs after voluntarily engaging in a behavior

operant conditioning

jonathan starts giving his dog a treat every time it sits, and eventually it learns to sit when commanded.

is this an example of classical or operant conditioning?

operant

the rate at which the reinforcement is delivered can alter future behavior patterns

schedule of reinforcement

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

fixed ratio

reinforce behavior after varying and unpredictable numbers of responses

variable ratio

reinforce behavior after fixed periods of time

fixe interval

reinforce behavior after varying periods of time

variable interval

process that uses reinforcers to guide an individual's or animal's actions towards a desired behavior; accomplished using successive approximations

shaping