Chemical Reactions and Organic Chemistry

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon. form large & diverse molecules.

Hydrocarbons

compounds composed only of carbon & hydrogen. no partial charge to water

carbon skeleton

chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule. branched (isobutane) or unbranched (butane)

isomers

same chemical formula, but different positions have different chemical properties because of their different shapes

functional groups

size, shape, and the chemical groups that are attached to an organic molecule determine a molecules unique properties. chemical groups that are polar and affect a molecules reactivity. these are polar bc the oxygen or nitrogen has high electronegativity. it is key for them to be water soluble

Methyl group

nonpolar, non reactive. affects molecular shape and function. important for boiling points

hydroxyl group

(OH) a hydrogen atom bound to oxygen. called alcohols.

carbonyl group

carbon joined by double bond to oxygen atom. sugars have 1 carbonyl and many hydroxyl

aldehyde

at the end of the chain of the carbon skeleton

keytone

anywhere in the middle of the carbon skeleton

carboxyl group

COOH. carbon joined by double bond to oxygen. the OH behaves as an acid. it donates H+.

carboxylic acids

what compounds with the carboxyl group are called

amino groups

NH2. nitrogen attached to a bunch (2 min.) hydrogen and carbon skeleton. acts as a base, picks up H+.

amino acids contain

amino group and carboxyl groupam

amines

what compounds containing amino groups are called

Phosphate group

PO4. phosphorus bound to 4 oxygen. attached to carbon skeleton by 1 of 4 oxygen. involved in energy by ATP. called organic phosphates

Polymers

larger molecules formed by joining smaller molecules togetherm

monomers

individual units of a polymer

4 main classifications of polymers

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

how are polymers formed

dehydration synthesis

monosaccharides

carbohydrates monomers. ex. glucose. 

disachharides

2 monosaccharides. ex: maltose is the dehydration of 2 glucose monomers. table sugar: sucrose, glucose monomer, and a fructose monomer

polysaccharides

many sugars (100’s). polymers of monosaccs. used for storage and structure. ex) glycogen: used by animals and humans to store and break down glucose.

cellulose

plant cell walls. animals don’t have the right enzymes to digest, called a dietary fibre

lipids

grouped together because they mix poorly with water (or not at all). composed mainly of non-polar carbon hydrogen bonds. hydrophobic. function to store energy. cushion vital organs insulates the body.

fatty acids

linked to glycerol via dehydration reaction. can contain double bonds which add a kink or a bend to carbon chain. prevent max. # of H atoms from binding to the carbon

fat

triglyceride (3 different fatty acids)

proteins

made from 2 amino acids going through hydration synthesis. water is removed and a peptide bond is formed. shape determines function

dipeptide

2 amino acids

polypeptide

many amino acids

Hydrolysis

adding water to break the peptide bond

proteins in hair and tendons

are long and thin

denaturing proteins

ruins protein shape and causes a loss of function. heat, salt, and pH can denature a protein

steroids

a type of lipid

cholesterol

most commonly found steroid in the cell membrane. used to build hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. a

anabolic steroids

fake variant of male testosterone. mimic effects such as build up of muscle. an overdose on anabolic steroids slow down the production of natural testosterone

side effects of anabolic steroids

violent mood swings (steroid rage), deep depression, liver damage, high blood pressure, and since it slows down the production of natural testosterone it causes production of more estrogen which lead to female characteristics

nucleic acid

the amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the gene sequence. gene. ex) dna & rna

dna

what genes are made of. double stranded and double helix. its base pairs are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

what is dna composed of

5 carbon sugars, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (ATCG, AUCG)

sugar-phosphate backbone

phosphate bonds to the sugar of the next nucleotide

RNA

single stranded and can fold. it may turn into mRNA. its base pairs are adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine.

enzymes

“scissors”, increase the rate of a chemical reaction. are proteins with a unique 3D shape

specific activation energy

all chemicals have to overcome a certain level of energy for the reaction, and enzymes decrease this

substrates

what enzymes act on

enzyme specifity

 the shape of the active site caters to the specific substrate. 

enzyme specifity example

1) enzyme (sucrase) available with empty active site

2) substrate (sucrose) binds to an enzyme, and fits

3) substrate is converted to products

4) products are released (glucose, fructose)

optimal enzyme conditions

shape is critical enzyme function. environment may alter this such as temperature and pH

how temperature alters enzyme shape

optimal temperature maximizes contact between active site and substrate. 

how pH alters enzyme shape

they best function at a pH of 7. if higher or lower, function may be impaired

enzyme inhibitors

any chemical that interferes with the function of an enzyme

irreversible inhibitor

bound to enzyme by tight covalent bonds

reversible inhibitor

weak bonds w/ enzyme

competitive inhibitors

resemble the substrate. compete for enzymes active site and block enzymes from it 

non-competitive inhibitors

dont look like the substrate. binds to enzyme at a different spot than the active site. causes change in active site so it no longer fits the substrate

co-factors

most enzymes require these non-protein molecules for functionality.

organic co factor

contains carbon. are called co-enzymes. ex) biotin

inorganic co-factor

usually made of ions of zinc, copper, or iron

feedback inhibition

when a metabolic reaction is blocked by one of its products. it is an important metabolic regulator. when a cell over-produces, it listens and responds to turn off and on the production