NR 511-NP Café Final Exam Concept Review NR 511 Differential Diagnosis and Primary Care- Final Exam Questions and answers with 100% accuracy

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Conditions affecting the digestive system's functionality.

Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colon.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of diverticula in the colon.

Bloody Diarrhea

Common symptom of ulcerative colitis.

Total Colectomy

Surgical removal of the entire colon.

LLQ Pain

Localized pain in the left lower quadrant.

Diverticula

Pouches formed in the colon wall.

Obesity Risk

Increased likelihood of developing diverticulitis.

Fever and Chills

Symptoms indicating infection in diverticulitis.

Tachycardia

Increased heart rate often seen in infections.

Localized Tenderness

Specific pain in a confined area of the abdomen.

Anorexia

Loss of appetite often accompanying gastrointestinal disorders.

Nausea and Vomiting

Common symptoms in diverticulitis patients.

Mucosal Inflammation

Swelling of the colon's inner lining in ulcerative colitis.

Erosions

Surface damage in the colon due to inflammation.

Purulent Diarrhea

Diarrhea containing pus, indicative of severe infection.

CT scan with contrast

Used to rule out gynecologic or bowel pathology.

Clostridium Difficile

Infection causing diarrhea, found in various environments.

Profuse diarrhea

Watery, mucoid stools indicating severe gastrointestinal distress.

Risk factors for C. Difficile

Includes healthcare work, long hospitalization, antibiotics.

Asymptomatic C. Difficile

Patient may show no symptoms despite infection.

Mild C. Difficile infection

Three or more watery stools per day.

Severe C. Difficile infection

10-15 watery stools daily, possible hospitalization.

CBC for C. Difficile

Elevated white blood cell count indicates infection.

ELISA test

Identifies toxins produced by C. Difficile bacteria.

PCR test

Detects bacterial genes associated with C. Difficile.

Metronidazole

First-line treatment for C. Difficile infection.

GERD pathophysiology

LES dysfunction allows gastric acid reflux into esophagus.

Hiatal hernia

Disrupts normal barrier, contributing to GERD symptoms.

GERD symptoms

Heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, often worse at night.

Endoscopy for GERD

Recommended if symptoms persist after treatment.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Burning epigastric pain relieved by food or antacids.

H. pylori

Bacteria associated with peptic ulcer disease.

NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, risk factor for PUD.

Rotavirus

Common viral infection in children under 3 years.

Probiotics

Used to restore normal GI flora during treatment.

Colectomy

Surgical removal of colon in severe C. Difficile cases.

Diet modifications for GERD

Avoid coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods.

Gastroenteritis

Irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

Watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain.

Diarrhea

Frequent, watery bowel movements; various causes exist.

Giardia

Parasitic infection causing gastrointestinal symptoms.

Salmonella

Bacterial infection with gastrointestinal symptoms and fever.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix causing abdominal pain.

Fecalith

Fecal stone causing appendicitis, typically in the colon.

Obturator Sign

Pain in RLQ when rotating right leg internally.

Treatment for Appendicitis

Surgery and antimicrobial therapy are required.

Anemia

Condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells.

Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia

Large, irregular red blood cells due to B12 or folate deficiency.

G6PD Deficiency

X-linked disorder causing hemolytic anemia due to oxidative stress.

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin and pain crises.

Splenic Sequestration

Complication of sickle-cell anemia leading to abdominal pain.

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

Test to diagnose sickle cell anemia by identifying hemoglobin S.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Anemia due to insufficient iron intake or absorption.

Classic Signs of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Pale conjunctivae, tachycardia, and koilonychia.

Ferritin

Protein that stores iron; indicates iron levels in the body.

Iron Supplementation

Recommended on an empty stomach for better absorption.

Anemia of Chronic Disease

Low serum iron and low TIBC in chronic illness.

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

Esophageal webs associated with iron deficiency anemia.

Reticulocyte Count

Percentage of newly maturing RBCs in blood.

Elevated Reticulocyte Count

Indicates blood loss or anemia treatment response.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

Average size of individual red blood cells.

Normal MCV Range

76 to 96 fL for normocytic cells.

Macrocytic Anemia

Increased MCV in vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.

Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

Decreased MCV and MCHC indicate this type.

Megaloblastic Anemia

Commonly caused by vitamin B12 deficiency.

Sideroblastic Anemia

Iron accumulation in mitochondria of RBCs.

Prussian Blue Stain

Diagnostic test for sideroblastic anemia.

Ringed Sideroblasts

Characteristic finding in sideroblastic anemia.

Lead Level Check

Necessary before iron supplementation in children.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Most common cancer in young children.

CLL

Most common leukemia type in the U.S.

Median Age of CLL Onset

70 years of age.

Functional Incontinence Causes

Delirium, fecal impaction, decreased mobility.

Stress Incontinence

Urine leakage with cough or sneezing.

Urinary Incontinence Work-up

Includes urinalysis and serum electrolyte measurements.

Post-Void Residual Volume

Assessed by catheterization during initial evaluation.

Overactive Bladder

Characterized by urgency and frequent urination.

Overactive Bladder (OAB)

Syndrome with urgency, frequency, and nocturia symptoms.

Urge Incontinence

Sudden urge to urinate with involuntary urine loss.

Lower Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Diagnosed by symptoms and urine sample with bacteria.

Clean-Catch Midstream Urine Sample

Urine collection method to avoid contamination.

Urine Culture

Gold standard for laboratory confirmation of UTI.

Urinalysis with Microscopy

Rapid test providing results for UTI diagnosis.

Pyridium

Medication for UTI pain relief and discomfort.

Priapism

Prolonged erection without sexual arousal.

Phenylephrine

First-line treatment for low-flow priapism.

Phimosis

Inability to retract foreskin over the glans.

Hypospadias

Penile opening located on the underside of the penis.

Circumcision and Hypospadias

Avoid circumcision to preserve foreskin for repair.

Varicocele

Dilation of veins in the spermatic cord.

Bag of Worms

Description of testicular pain in varicocele.

Undescended Testes

Condition where testes fail to descend normally.

Orchiopexy

Surgical procedure to correct undescended testes.

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

Enlargement of prostate causing urinary symptoms.

Finasteride (Proscar)

Medication used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PSA Levels

Should decrease by 50% after 6 months of finasteride.

Surgical Recovery Post-BPH

Resume sexual activity 4-6 weeks after surgery.

Delayed Bleeding Risk

Slight risk if healing is incomplete post-surgery.

Spermatogenesis

Process of sperm production, affected by undescended testes.