Unit 1 APUSH: Columbian Exchange & Spanish Exploration

who is Hernando Cortes

Spanish person to land in Vera Cruz Mexcio with his 600 men in 1519

What did Cortes and his people do

began the 200 mile march to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan

In 1521 Cortes and his officers

became rulers of the empire

in 1522-1528

remants of Indian culture conquered by the spanish in Ucatan and Guatemala

in 1531

Francisco Pizarro led a band of soldiers from Panama to Peru to conquer the Incas

what is an encomienda

a system where favored officers became privileged landowners or encomenderos

what did an encomienda do

protected villages, supported missionary priests, required tributes from villagers with labor/goods, enslavement of natives

what did an encomienda cause

the spanish exploitation and disease cause devastation to indian population: from 50 million at the beginning to 4 million in the 17th century

how was spanish america like

much of the us today belonged to spain during colonial period, land went from mexico to florida keys to alaska and the south, provinces built in north america as defensive buffers protecting its trade in mexico and south america

how were spanish like to indians

forcing them to work in gold and sliver mines and large scale farms called haiendas

what is a haciendas

a large scale farm controlled by spanish landlords

Who did the most work in spanish colonies making them differnt from european colonies

natives did most of the work

main crops grow like ….. were native

corn, bean, and squash

spanish introduced

livestock, wheat, and sugar

social advancement opportunities drew what people in

225,000 in the 16th century and single men , laborers, craftsmen, and soldiers

colonish in spanish america became

goverment offcials, priests, professionals, peninsulares

peninsulares def

people of european birth

indians where … by the spanish

outnumbered

mestizo made a

large part of the urban population of spanish america helping repopulate disease ridden areas

mestizo were

people of mixed origin

spanish america evolved into a hybrid culture

part spanish, part indian, part african but with the same govenment system, faith, and lagnuage

spanish with confidence in the superiority of their own culture

expected societies to abandon thier old beliefs, failign to do so made them think natives were “heathens”

spanish brought … and missionary…

violence and missionary zeal

in 1492 the treaty of todesillas

santioned by pope alexander VI dividing non-christian world between spain and portugal

in 1517 martin luther’s posting of

the ninety-five theses and the onsef of the Protestant Reformation caused spain to double its efforts to spread the roman cathilic faith as the “true faith” to native americans

not only souled to be saved

but a labor force

in 1537

pope paul III outlawed enslavement of indians delaring they were truely men who must be treated as dumb beast

15 years later of 1537 a dominican priest worte

a very brief account of the destruction of the indies

what was a very brief account of the destruction of the indies

denouned spain for causing death of millions of innocent people

in 1514

he freed the slaves and began to preach against the injustices

the domincan priest insistited that

indians were rational beings and spain had no ground to deprive them of their land and liberty

in 1542

ending slavery and the ecomienda system

replaced with the reparimiento system which was

wage labor, but forced to work a fixed amount per year

what was teh pueblo revolt

in 1680 people known as pueblos rebelled against thier spanish overlords in the american southwest

the spanish og established and maintained

their rule with terror, beginning with Juan de Onate invasion in 1598

when the acoma people resisted invaxsion

onate ordered that 1 leg be chopped from every man over 15 and the rest of the population be enslaved

1680 new mexico had little spanish colonist becasue

most were mestizos and few euros came that way

numbers of pueblos declined from

60k to 17k 80 years later

some natived accepted baptism

ro aviod harsh treatment even as they practice old religion

The Pueblo Revolt caused

• spanish to kill jews and muslims, the franciscan friars increased their efforts in new mexico to convert the pueblo destorying indain cultural symbols

• prolonged drought bgean around 1660

• inability of friars to protect the villages and missions from attacks by Navajo and Apache

• large enslavment of american indains by spaniards had been forbidden by royal decree since the mid-17th cent

• spanish assumption that the pueblo could never organize given they had been divided among themselves there beign non distinict pueblo people speaking 1 language and sharing one culutre

Po’pay was

the main organizer of an uprising that drove spanish out of the colony

Po’pay actions and contributions

• in 1657 he was 1 in 47 Pueblo indians arrested for “sorcery” practticing og religion

• publicly whipped for his actions

• after humilition he still revolted and helped

• warrios destoryed isolated farms and missions killing 400 colonist including 21 franciscan missionaries

• foring spanish to abndon

the pueblo revolt was the most

• completed victory for native americans over europeans and the only wholesale explusion of setteler in the history of north america

• they rebuilt places od worship aka “kivas” resuming sacred dances

• turing vengence on all symbols of european cultures, uprooting trees, destorying cattle, burned churches and images of christ and mary

after the PR

• warfare between pueblo and apache and navajo

• popay died around 1690

• spanish invasion to reconquer new mexico and some pueblo welcomed the military protection

• new mexico would act as buffer zon portecting sliver mines from english and french

• spaniards remained until mexico independence in 18 21

the columbian exchange

was the transmission or exchange of plants, animals, disease, knowledge about food and tech, culture between the old world and new world in 1492

from america

tobacco maize potatoes tomatoes caco syphilis

from euro

livestock smallpow grains influenza turnips and measles

from africa

banaas honeybees sugar rice malaria yellow fever

caravel

a highly maneuverable portuguese ship

the magnetic compass

showing what directions u are moving in

the sextant

measured altitudes

the astrolabe

longitude and laitude

joint stolk companies

were businessse in which shares of a companys stock could be bought and sold by shareholders

the rise of this type of company in the 16th centry led to more

organized methods for conducting international trade

the theory of mercantilism held

a positive balance of trade more export than imports would bring more wealth and therefore power for a nation

new crops

high in nutrients never know to europeans stimulated further populatino growth ex the potato