Terms & Questions (Cram)

What type of molecules make up the cell membrane?

Phospholipid molecules

Hydrophilic means:

Water loving

Hydrophobic means:

Water repelling

True or false: The phospholipid molecules are arranged so that the hydrophilic ends are on the inside of the membrane, and the hydrophobic ends point outwards.

False. The hydrophilic ends point outwards, and the hydrophobic ends are on the inside of the membrane.

Which organelle is this: Converts glucose to ATP

Mitochondria

Which organelle is this: Synthesizes proteins by assembling amino acids into chains

Ribosomes

Which organelle is this: Protein synthesis with the help of ribosomes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which organelle is this: Lipid synthesis and storage

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which organelle is this:Packages materials produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for use in the cell, or for release outside the cell

Golgi apparatus

What is the analogy used to describe the functions of the ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus?

Ribosomes = Machinery

Endoplasmic reticulum = Factory

Golgi apparatus = Packaging

Fill in the blank: The golgi apparatus packages cellular products into _________ for transportation around or out of the cell

Vesicles

Fill in the blank: ___________ are vesicles containing enzymes. Their function is to deliver enzymes around or out of the cell for the purpose of breaking down nutrients, debris, or bacteria

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing enzymes which use oxygen to detoxify certain substances or help remove free radicals (live electricity)

Peroxisomes

Substances the cell has engulfed, has not packaged, and does not know what to do with

Inclusions or inclusion bodies

Which organelle is this: They are involved in cell division, they attach to and divide chromosomes

Centrioles

True or false: Every nucleus in every cell has all the DNA for the organism

True: But remember that some parts of the DNA aren't active

A cell with more than one nucleus is called:

Multinucleated

A cell with no nucleus is called:

Anucleated

Which organelle is this: It contains genetic material and controls all cell function

Nucleus

What immediately surrounds the nucleus?

Nuclear membrane/envelope

In a non–dividing cell, what is the genetic material called?

Chromatin

In a dividing cell, what is the genetic material called?

Chromosomes

What are the dark–staining areas of the nucleus called?

Nucleolus

Active chromatin, it is a light colour

Euchromatin

Inactive chromatin, it is a dark colour

Heterochromatin

Fluid inside the cell

Intercellular fluid

Fluid outside the cell

Extracellular

True or false: Most water in the body is extracellular

False. Most water in the body is intracellular

True or false: There are more sodium ions inside the cell than outside

False. There are only 14 mOsm/L in the intracellular volume compared to 140 mOsm/L in the interstitial volume (part of extracellular volume)

True or false: There are more potassium ions inside the cell than outside

True. There are 140 mOsm/L in the intracellular volume compared to 4mOsm/L in the interstitial volume (part of extracellular volume)

The difference in concentration between two sides of a membrane

Concentration gradient

The movement of water across a semi–permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient

Osmosis

Is osmosis passive or active transport?

Passive

The solution with a comparatively lower solute concentration than the solution across the membrane

Hypotonic solution

The solution with a comparatively higher solute concentration than the solution across the membrane

Hypertonic solution

What would happen to a cell if placed in a hypotonic solution?

Water would enter the cell, the cell would swell and possibly burst

What would happen to a cell if placed in a hypertonic solution?

Water would exit the cell, it would shrivel

A solution in which the solute concentration is the same across the membrane

Isotonic solution

Why do we give patients an IV drip of saline solution instead of distilled water?

Saline solution has an equal solute concentration to the body's cells, whereas distilled water is hypotonic. It would enter the cells and possibly burst them.

The movement of substances/solutes in solution from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion

Is diffusion passive or active transport?

Passive

What kind of diffusion is this: Substances that are too large to diffuse across the cell membrane must enter/exit through a carrier molecule

Facilitated diffusion

In what circumstance would a substance require active transport to cross the cell membrane?

When moving against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) substances must enter/exit through a carrier molecule that uses ATP as energy

Define endocytosis

Taking something into the cell (hint: endo means inside, cyt/o means cell). The cell wall can form a vesicle around substances and pull them into itself

Define phagocytosis

The cell engulfing particulate (solid matter)

Define pinocytosis

The cell engulfing liquid

What is the role of receptors in endocytosis?

Receptor on the outside of the cell membrane will bind only to specific substances, once it is bound, it is taken into the cell by endocytosis

Define exocytosis

Taking something outside of the cell via vesicles that bind to the cell membrane, and eject their contents

Are endocytosis and exocytosis passive or active transport?

Both active

How do reproductive cells divide?

Meiosis

How do somatic cells divide?

Mitosis (not all somatic cells can divide, depends on age or organism and type of cell)

Define mitosis

Division of one cell into two identical daughter cells. Each new cell has the same DNA as the original cell

Define meiosis

A cell divides several times to create daughter cells with half the normal amount of chromosomes

Define tissues

Cells with similar characteristics and functions are grouped together to form tissues

Define organs

Composed of groups of tissues that work together for a specific purpose or purposes

Why do epithelial tissues require basement membranes?

Epithelial tissues have cells capable of cell division. Without a basement membrane the cell could reproduce downwards, into the body, or slide off.

Define simple epithelium

Has a single layer of epithelial cells

Define stratified epithelium

Has more than one layer of epithelial cells

Define squamous epithelium

Can be simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers), the cells are thin and flat (eg. endothelium, which lines the blood vessels)

Define cuboidal epithelium

Square or cubed in shape, cells have a secretory or absorptive function (eg. glands)

Define columnar epithelium

Can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified (look stratified but are actually attached to basement membrane). Are long and shaped like columns.

Define cillia

Tiny hairs projecting from columnar epithelium cells that propel material past the cell (eg. inside of nostral)

Define transitional epithelium

Has the ability to stretch (eg. bladder, uterus)

What is the main function of connective tissue?

To give form and structure to organs

What are the two major categories of connective tissue cells?

Fixed cells: Remain in the connective tissue at all times (eg. fibroblast)\nWandering cells: Pass in and out of connective tissue (eg. leukocytes)

Define ground substance

The glue that hold the fibers in place

What are the three types of fibers?

Collagenous: Thick and strong, organized into parallel strands (eg. muscle, tendons)\nReticular: Thinner, branched collagen fibers. Have elasticity (eg. spleen)\nElastic: Composed of protein called elastin, not as strong, found in tissues required to stretch (eg. lungs)

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

Areolar: Surrounds every organ, blood vessel, nerves, supportive and flexible

Adipose: Fat, insulation and storage

Reticular: Forms framework for organs (eg. bone marrow)

Define dense connective tissue

Is strong but has few cells and low blood supply that makes it slow to heal (eg. ligaments)

What are the three types of specialized connective tissue?

Cartilage: Strong, elastic (eg. nose)

Bone: Good blood supply, heals quickly

Blood: Ground substance is plasma, fibres are proteins suspended in plasma