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Reflex
A simple, unvarying, and unlearned response to sensory stimuli.
Behaviorism
A movement in psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and the responses to stimuli.
Motor plan (or motor program)
A complex set of commands to muscles established before behavior starts.
Muscle contraction
The process where muscles shorten, resulting in movement.
Muscle fibers
Made up of muscle cells, containing myofibrils composed of proteins.
Muscle spindles
Sensory elements in muscles that send signals to motor neurons when stretched.
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors located in tendons that provide sensory feedback about muscle tension.
Pyramidal tract
A neural pathway involved in the control of voluntary movements.
Mirror neurons
Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by others.
Basal ganglia
A group of nuclei in the brain involved in the regulation of movement amplitude and direction.
Cerebellum
A brain structure that coordinates skilled movements and maintains posture.
Deep brain stimulation
A treatment method for Parkinson’s disease involving electrical stimulation of the basal ganglia.
Proprioception
The sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed.
Neuromuscular junction
The synapse or junction where a motor neuron connects with a muscle fiber, allowing for contraction.
Somatic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary control of body movements.
Motor cortex
The region of the brain crucial for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements.
Supplementary motor area (SMA)
Brain area important in planning internally generated movements.
Premotor cortex
Region involved in the planning of movements guided by external stimuli.
