General concepts

Which compound condense first

Stronger IMF (e.g. H bond)

Long vs Compact/Branched Alkane

Long-Chain > Branches-Chain IMF(id-id)

• Long-Chain have tighter and more effective packing

Lewis

DATIVE BOND

Acid → lp acceptor

Base → lp donator

e.g. eqn

Ksp vs IP

Ksp → solubility product

IP → product of concentration of products

**MUST ADD POWER OF COEFFICIENT**

Purification of Cu

Alloy at Anode:[O] of Cu

Pure Cu at Cathode:[R] of Cu

(Cu²+/Cu) E = +0.34V

At anode

1. Metals w E>0.34→ not [O], fall off electrode as anodic sludge

2. Metals w E<0.34→ oxidised into soln

At cathode

• Compare Cu E and ion oxidised into soln at the anode’s E

Boltzmann

Particles w Energy, E AGAINST Energy, E

1. Temp increase → KE of gas particles increase, frequency of effective collision increases, no. of particles w energy >=Ea increase → Rate Increase

• Curve shift right

2. Catalyst

• Catalysed Ea shift left, curve dont shift

• More particles w energy >= Ea

• Frequency of effective collisions increase → Rate increase

C=C-X and benzene-X

RESISTANT TO NS

lp of X delocalised into C=C or benzene

imparting partial double bond on C-X

Hydrolysis of protein to amino acid

add back the H2 and OH at the ends

G

-ve = feasible

+ve = not feasible

0 = equilibirum

G

-nFE

n→no. e- E→Cell Voltage

H - ST

S - Entropy Change

Change of disorderness

+ve = more disordered

-ve = less disordered

0 = no change in disorder

Dative bond counts as a bond pair

For determining shape and angle

VESPR

Solubility (IMF)

e.g. methanol good solvent to remove H2S

Refer to image to identify interactions

1. Energy released from pd-pd interactions between H2S and methanol molecules is sufficient to overcome

2. H-Bond between methanol molecules and

3. Pd-Pd interactions between H2S molecules

VESPR explanation

1. State no. of lp and bp

2. The e- pairs(lp&bp) are arranged as far apart as possible to minimise electrostatic repulsion and maximise stability

Balancing Eqn

E - element

O - O using H2O

H - H using H+

C - e-

Dot and Cross

containing cations and anions

1. Draw each cation and ion in separate brackets

2. Cation no valence e-

Why reduction of alkene → alkane

CANNOT use LiAlH4, must use H2, Ni

Alkene functional grp will repel nucleophile, H- from LiAlH4

1 Faraday → amnt of charge per mol of e-

Charge(Q) required given mol of e-

mol of e- x F (96500)

Ideal Gas ideal conditions

High temp

• Gas particles have higher KE to overcome imf between particles

Low pressure

• Pressure low, Volume Increase → negligible volume of gas particles to volume they occupy

When dk what reaction happens check

1. Isit TE?

• Can form complex