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Circadian Rhythms
Biological cycles lasting approximately 24 hours.
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)
Hypothalamic nuclei regulating circadian rhythms.
Environmental Factors
Day-night cycle influencing sleep quality and duration.
Sleep Disorders
Health issues arising from disrupted circadian rhythms.
Sleep Cycle Duration
Typical sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes.
Stage 1 Sleep
Very light sleep lasting about 15 minutes.
Stage 2 Sleep
Transitional sleep, about 40% of total sleep.
Stage 3 Sleep
Slow-wave sleep, crucial for physical restoration.
REM Sleep
Characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming.
Newborn REM Sleep
Newborns spend about 50% of sleep in REM.
N3 Sleep
Deep sleep more prevalent earlier in the night.
Sleep Theories
Concepts explaining the purpose of sleep.
Restorative Theory
Sleep essential for physical recovery and energy restoration.
Evolutionary Theory
Sleep enhances survival during vulnerable periods.
Consolidation Theory
Sleep strengthens neural connections for learning.
Insomnia
Chronic difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable urge to sleep during the day.
Sleep Apnea
Breathing stops and starts during sleep.
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams result from random neural activity interpretation.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Dreams symbolize unconscious wishes and desires.
Manifest Content
Literal storyline of a dream.
Latent Content
Hidden psychological meaning of a dream.
Classical Conditioning
Learning through associations between stimuli.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Natural response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
Learning modified by rewards or punishments.
Positive Reinforcement
Increases behavior by providing a rewarding stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement
Increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
Observational Learning
Learning by imitating others' behaviors.
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.
Generalization
Responding similarly to similar stimuli.
Discrimination
Distinguishing between different stimuli.
Explicit Memory
Conscious effort to recall information.
Implicit Memory
Influences behavior without conscious effort.
Declarative Memory
Memory for facts and events.
Episodic Memory
Memory for personal events and experiences.
Semantic Memory
General knowledge about the world.
Procedural Memory
Skills and behaviors learned through practice.
Memory Processes
Stages of encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding
Initial processing of information for storage.
Storage
Retention of encoded information over time.
Retrieval
Accessing stored information into consciousness.
Serial Position Effect
Better recall for items at list extremes.
Primary Effect
Better recall for beginning list items.
Recency Effect
Better recall for ending list items.
Short-Term Memory Capacity
Typically holds 7±2 pieces of information.
Chunking
Grouping information into larger units for recall.
Levels of Processing Theory
Deep processing leads to better memory retention.
Shallow Processing
Basic visual encoding of information.
Deep Processing
Semantic encoding for enhanced memory retention.
Proactive Interference
Old information disrupts new learning.
Retroactive Interference
New information disrupts recall of old memories.
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to retrieve old memories.
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new memories.
Case Study: H.M.
Patient with profound anterograde amnesia post-surgery.
Cerebellum
Involved in procedural memory and motor skills.
Cerebral Cortex
Stores sensory memories and processes information.
Amygdala
Associated with emotional memories.
Hippocampus
Essential for forming new declarative memories.
