Plants and Humans Test 2

What is Photosynthesis?

How plants use sunlight to make food for themselves. Take energy from the sunlight and convert it into a form of energy in the bonds of glucose.

What is Cellular Respiration?

Take energy stored in glucose bonds and convert it to a form of cellular energy the plant can use.

What is the photosynthesis formula?

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, before the arrow is the reactants and after the arrow is the products.

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Photosynthesis occurs mainly in the chloroplasts of plant cells, using chlorophyll to capture sunlight.

What is pigment?

A substance that gives off a color due to light absorption and reflection.

What is the cholorphylla?

Main pigment for photosynthesis, absorbs in the red and blue areas of the light spectrumC

What is Chlorophyllb?

Absorbs in the red-orange and blue areas of the light spectrum

What is carotenoids?

Absorbs in the blue green and violet areas of the light spectrum.

What are all features of the chloroplasts?

Plastids, double membrane, granum (single stack of thylakoids), thylakoid, and stroma (fluid within the chloroplast)

What are the two photosynthesis parts?

Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions/ calvin cycle

What are functions of the light-dependent reactions

Light splits water to produce oxygen, forms ATP, and occurs in the thylakoid.W

What are factors of the light-independent reactions/ Calvin Cycle

Occurs in the stroma, forms sugars, carbon dioxide entry into the leaves

What is the function of Cellular Respiration?

Take the chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose and break those bonds to produce ATP

What is ATP?

Adensuve triphosphate. Cell’s energy currency

What is the cellular respiration formula?

C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + energy(ATP). Before the arrow is the reactants and after the arrow is the product.

Where does most of cellular respiration happen?

Most of the cellular respiration happens in the mitochondrion.

What are some aspects of the mitochondrion?

Double membraned, Cristae (folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane), and mitochondrial matrix (innermost compartment of the mitochondrion which contains a fluid)

What are the types of cellular respiration?

Aerobic (requires oxygen) and Anaerobic (does not require oxygen)

What is the first step of cellular respiration? 

Glycosis which is sugar splitting, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate, and occurs in the cytosol

What is the intermediate step that happens after the first step?

Conversion of 2 pyruvate molecules into two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A

What is the second step of Cellular Respiration?

Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle. Occures in the mitochondrial matrix, glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide, and requires oxygen.

What is the third step of Cellular Respiration?

Electron Transport Chain. Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, requires oxygen, produces most of the ATP

What is Stimulus?

Something that happens that causes an activity. Ex. Rainfall, wind, sunlight, starvation, drought, etc.

What is Statocyte?

Gravity sensing cell in the root

What is statoliths?

Starch grains within statocytes

What is the first step of information transfer?

Auxin-apical dominance, cell elongation, and cell surpression

What is the second step of Information Transfer?

Cytokinin- activating cell division, dormant buds

What is the third step of information transfer?

Abscisic Acid- involved in stress responses

What is the fourth step of information transfer?

Gibberellin-seed germination

What is the fifth and final step of information transfer?

Ethylene- fruit ripening

What are the four steps of Seed Germination?

First step is the embryo inside the seed takes in water and begins to swell. The second step is the embryo produces gibberellin which moves into the aleurone layer. Enzymes are produced. The third step is the enzymes move into the endosperm. The fourth and final step is the enzymes digest the endosperm to provide nutrients for the embryo.

What is the tropic response?

Permanent growth associated with a stimulus, positive towards the stimulus, negative away from the stimulus

What is the Nastic Repsonse

Temporary non growth response NOT associated with a stimulus.

What is a Morphogenic Response

Change in the development or quality of a plant

What is the All-or None Repsonse

Requires the certain meeting of a threshold Ex. Venus flytrap

What is the Dosage Dependent Response?

The dose affects the response.

What is etiolation?

Differences in plant development when seedlings are exposed to darkness.

What is phototropism?

Plants bending toward the light. First studied in oattips

What is gravitropism?

Roots of plant bending downward toward gravity

What is apical dominance?

Terminal bud (at the top of the plant) produces auxin to slow the growth of the auxiliary buds

What is Ethlyene?

Associated with fruit ripening. Climacteric fruits-involved ethylene (Bananas, avocados, tomatoes)

What is nonclimacteric fruits?

Little to no ethylene involved including cherries, oranges, and grapes

What are the three fruit ripening changes?

Immature (harder) ripe (softer) texture, immature (not sweet) ripe (sweeter) taste, and immature (smaller) ripe (bigger) size

What are the two types of reproduction?

Asexual and Sexual

What is asexual reproduction?

Vegetative reparation in plants. Parent plants sends a runner along the ground like with strawberries.

What are the three stages of the cell cycle (the life cycle of a cell from one division to the next)

Interphase (cell growth and copies its DNA), Cell/Nuclear Division (Divide the DNA), and Cytokinesis (Division of the cytoplasm)

What are some facts about Interphase?

Longest part of the cell cycle, has two groups: G(gap 1- Cell growth, makes proteins), S (synthesis- copies DNA), and G2 (gap 2-cell growth, last preparation before cell/nuclear division)

What are some facts about cell/nuclear division?

2 options (mitosis or meiosis) Mitosis occurs in body cells, associated with asexual reproduction, and PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)

What is cytokinesis?

Division of the cytoplasm

What is chromatin?

DNA and Protein

What is a chromosome?

Condensed chromatin

What is a sister chromatid?

Duplicated chromosome

What is a diploid?

Two complete sets of chromosomes. Humans have 46

What is a haploid?

one complete set of chromosomes. Humans have 23

What is prophase?

Nucleolus breaks down. Nuclear envelope degrades. The spindle begins forming. Chromatin has condensed so sister chromatids are visible. 

What is metaphase?

Sister chromatids attach to the4 spindle and line up in the middle of the cell.

What is anaphase?

Spindle fibers pull apart the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. They are now called chromosomes.

What is telophase?

Nuclear envelopes reappear. Nucleoli reappear. The spindle has broken down. DNA has unraveled back into Chromatin.

What is alteration of generations?

Switch between a gametophyte generation and a sporophyte.

What does mitosis and meiosis start with and end with?

Mitosis starts with 10 and ends with 10. Meiosis starts with 10 and ends with 5.

What is double fertilization?

Unique to angiosperm. One sperm cell refuses with the egg cell to form a zygote and the second sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm. (these are both fertilization events)

What is a gene pool?

All of the alleles for all of the individuals in the population.

What are the three factors that can change the gene pool?

Genetic Drift (random change in allele frequency, more common in small populations), Artificial selection (Change in the allele frequency due to human choices), and natural selection (Overproduction is more offspring are produced than can survive, variation, competition, and survival of the fittest)

What is a species and speciation?

Species are organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation is the process of new species development.

What is allopatric speciation?

Involves a geographic barrier. Ex. Seeds arriving on an island

What is a sympatric speciation?

Does not involve a geographic barrier speciation that occurs with the species remaining in the same place. Ex. chromosome differences

What is Divergent Evolution?

Share a common ancestor but evolved into a different species. 

What is convergent evolution?

Nature chooses a trait in different species without a common ancestor but live in the same type of habitat

What are the parts of taxonomy?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, and Species

What is adaptive radiation?

Quick divergence of one species into many species

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships/relatedness (dates)

What is cladograms?

Diagram that shows the development of characteristics using branches

What is the longest part of the cell cycle?

Interphase

During which phase do homologous chromosomes separate?

Anaphase 1

Which type of cell/nuclear division produces four daughter cells with half the amount of DNA as the original cell?

Meiosis

DNA is copied during G2 of interphase. True or False

False