Nutrition and Fertility/Pregnancy

Flashcards covering key concepts related to nutrition and its effects on fertility and pregnancy.

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstruation, often linked to weight loss of more than 10-15% of body weight.

First-line treatment for low weight infertility

Weight gain to restore hormone levels and ovulation.

First-line treatment for obesity-related infertility

Weight loss through lifestyle changes such as meal planning and physical activity.

Adipose tissue products

Fat cells produce estrogen, testosterone, and leptin, influencing ovulation and sperm production.

Iron deficiency impact on fertility

Low iron levels are linked to ovulatory infertility; iron supplementation reduces risk.

Zinc deficiency impact on fertility

Zinc deficiency lowers sperm quality, motility, and testosterone synthesis.

PCOS and obesity

Obesity is both a risk factor and a frequent outcome of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

PKU

Phenylketonuria, a genetic disorder causing high blood phenylalanine.

Celiac disease effect on fertility

An autoimmune reaction to gluten that damages intestines and leads to nutrient malabsorption, affecting fertility.

Anabolic phase of pregnancy

The phase from 0–20 weeks where nutrient stores and maternal tissues increase.

Catabolic phase of pregnancy

The phase after 20 weeks focusing on nutrient mobilization to support rapid fetal growth.

Recommended calorie increase during pregnancy

Increase of ~13% overall with approximately 300 kcal/day in the 2nd trimester and 452 kcal/day in the 3rd trimester.

Weight gain guidelines during pregnancy

Guidelines vary by BMI: Underweight (28-40 lb), Normal (25-35 lb), Overweight (15-25 lb), Obese (11-20 lb).

Folate's role in pregnancy

Essential for DNA synthesis and replication, prevents neural tube defects (NTDs).

Sources of DHA/EPA

Found in fatty fish like salmon, sardines, and mackerel; important for brain and retina development.

Gestational diabetes (GDM)

Temporary insulin resistance during pregnancy, increasing risks of macrosomia and future diabetes.

Preeclampsia

A condition characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestation, potentially caused by poor placental blood flow.

Vitamin D requirement for breastfed infants

Breastfed infants need vitamin D supplements (400 IU/day) as human milk is low in vitamin D.

Calcium absorption during pregnancy

Doubles due to hormonal changes, with additional needs in the 3rd trimester.

Risks of iron deficiency during pregnancy

Increases risks of preterm delivery, low birth weight, infant anemia, and maternal fatigue.