XPhys Exam 2

inspiration is _____; expiration is _____ at rest

active; passive

Individuals with obstructive respiratory conditions (e.g., COPD) will have which of the following?

FEV1/FVC

Individuals with restrictive respiratory conditions (e.g., cracked rib) will have which of the following?

Reduced FVC

True or false. The majority of oxygen absorbed into the blood travels dissolved in the blood.

false

True or false. The majority of carbon dioxide absorbed into the blood travels dissolved in the blood.

false

Which gas diffuses between lungs and blood more readily?

CO2

Use the table below to determine which gas will diffuse faster in the body.

 

	Oxygen	Carbon dioxide
In venous blood	80 mmHg	10 mmHg
In alveoli	90 mmHg	0 mmHg

carbon dioxide

True or false. In healthy but non-elite individuals, their arterial oxygen saturation will often drop below 90% at maximal intensity exercise.

false

With endurance exercise training, which body system has the least amount of adaptation from pre-training levels?

respiratory system

True or false. In most healthy but non-elite individuals, their respiratory system limits their aerobic exercise performance.

false

Which blood gas has a stonger effect on ventilation?

CO2

T/F the respiratory system can limit aerobic performance?

True

T/F the respiratory system can limit anaerobic performance?

false

T/F total lung capacity can change with exercise?

true

What parts of the respiratory system are in the conducting zone?

trachea, primary bronchus, bronchus, bronchi, and bronchioles

what parts of the respiratory system make up the respiratory zone?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveloar sacs

what are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?

conducting and respiratory

What are some characteristics of the sites of gas exchange?

large surface area

What law describes factors that determine how fast gas moves?

Fick’s law

What 3 factors make up fick’s law (how fast gas moves)

-tissue surface area

-tissue thickness

-gas diffusion constant

How much quicker does Co2 move than O2

20 times

during inspiration the diaphram ____ and the ribs _____

contracts; rise

during expiration the diaphragm ______ and the ribs _____

relaxes; lower

Which intercostal muscles are involved in inspiration?

external

What is the volume of air moved into or out of lungs during a normal breath?

tidal volume

what is the max inhale - tidal volume?

inspiratory reserve volume

what is the max exhale after normal exhale?

expiratory reserve volume

What is the air we can’t breath in or out/ air remaining after max exhale called?

residual lung volume

what makes up total lung capacity?

IRV, TV, ERV, and RV

What is our usable volume of air called? what does it not include?

forced vital capacity; RV

FEV1 is what?

forced expiratory volume in 1 sec

How do you determine if there is a restrictive condition?

FVC measured/ FVC prediction = <80%

How do you determine if there is an obstructive condition?

FEV1/ FVC = <70%

FEV1/FVC is what?

the % of FVC that can be exahled in 1 sec

an obstructive condition means air cannot move ______ lungs

out of

a restrictive condition means that air cannot move _____ lungs

into

What does MVV stand for?

maximum vluntary ventilation

MVV test demonstrations ______ capibility of respiratory system fo rmoving _____

maximum; air

Vemax: is the maximum ____during ____ intensity exercise?

ventilation; high

how do you determine if the respiratory system is limiting exercise?

MVV/ Vemax

ambient gas concentrations and atmospheric pressure determine__ ____ of gas

partial pressures

Dalton’s law says that gas exerts a ____ proportional to _____ gas in air

pressure; percentage

what is normal atmospheric pressure?

760 mmHg

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in ambient air?

159 mmHg what

What is the partial pressure of Co2 in ambient air?

0.2 mmHg

what is the partial presure of nitrogen in the ambient air?

600 mmHg

air in the lungs is (the same/different) than ambient air?

different

what is the normal partial pressure of o2 in arteial blood?

100 mmHg

what is the normal partial pressure of co2 in arterial blood?

40 mmHg

what is the normal partial pressure of O2 in venous blood?

40 mmHg

What is the normal partial pressure of Co2 in venous blood?

46 mmHg

In the lungs O2 is moved _____ blood and CO2 is moved ____ blood?

into; out of

In the tissues O2 is moved ____ blood and Co2 is moved ____ blood

out of; into

at rest, oxygen remains in the pulmonary capillaries for how long?

<1s

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

mostly bound to hemoglobin (some dissolved)

how much o2 can bind to hemoglobin?

1.34mL/ g

do men or women have a higher oxygen carrying capacity? why?

men ; they have more hemoglobin

why does more hemoglobin help performance?

internal load decreases since it can decrease HR

what binds O2 more tight? myoglobin or hemoglobin?

myoglobin

what is a normal oxygen saturation level?

96-98%

at rest what % of oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin?

25%

how does increased temperature shift the oxyhemoglobin curve?

right shift (less binding)

how does decreased temperature shift the oxyehmoglobin curve?

left shift (more binding)

how does increased pH shift the oxyhemoglobin disscoiation curve?

left shift (binding) how

how does decreased pH shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

right shift

where is myoglobin found?

skeletal muscle

(a-v)o2 difference represents O2 _____ at the ____ level

extraction; tissue

during exericse a-v O2 difference is high or low?

high

what does the amount of O2 we can uptake and deliver to tissues depend on? (3)

amount of O2 in blood, blood flow, and local tissue conditions

Vo2

O2 in- O2 out

what is the formula for Vo2 in terms of cardiac output?

Vo2= (a-v)O2 difference * cardiac output

what are the 3 ways Co2 is transported in blood?

dissolved, bicarbonate, and carbaminohemoglobin

how much co2 is in the blood as bicarbonate?

60-80%

v_E stands for

minute ventilation

what is the formula for V_E

Ve= BF * TV

what are the units of V_E?

L/min

what are the units of breathing frequency?

breaths/min

V_E ____ with exercise intensity

increases

What increases V_E at low exercise intensities?

Tidal volume increases

what increases V_E more at high exercise intensities

breathing frequency

what changes first tidal volume or breathing frequency during exercise?

tidal volume

what is the “anticipatory response”

when ventilation increases immediately before exercise

V_E rises rapidly upon start of exercise then reaches _____ in ____ minutes

plateu; 2-3

What is the point where the rate of increase in V_E changes during increasing exercise intensity called?

ventilatory threshold

how does VT compared to LT?

normally very similar points

why does lactate affect VT?

buffering of lactate produces CO2

what is the formula for ventilation equivalent for O2

Ve/ VO2

what is the ventilation equivalent for Co2?

Ve/ VCO2

what is another way to determine VT without lactate?

where Ve/VO2 and Ve/CO2 intersect

what remains constant? Ve/VO2 or Ve/VCO2? why?

Ve/VCO2; carbon dioxide determines breathing

why does ve/ Vo2 increase?

the ventilation is greater than the amount of oxygen neeed

what are 3 conditions where LT doesn’t equal VT

McArdle’s disease, aerobic training, glycogen depletion

what causes McArdle’s disease

low glycolytic enzymes

how does McArdle’s effect LT?

they don’t produce lactate so there isn’t a lactate threshold

how does McArdle’s disease affect performance

people with it cannot exercise at high intensities

why does aerobic training/ glycogen depletion cause a difference in LT vs. VT?

LT is more “trainable” than VT and can change more

what is dyspnea mean?

shortness of breath

what breathing pattern characterizes dyspena:

rapid but shallow

describe hyperventilation

excess ventilation beyond O2 or Co2 needs

Valsalva is ____ breath during _____ or high muscular effort

holding; straining