Conflict Resolution in the Early Modern World: Europe and the Ottoman Empire

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms and definitions relevant to the topic of conflict resolution in European and Ottoman history during the early modern period.

95 Theses

A document written by Martin Luther in 1517 that criticized the Catholic Church's practices, notably the sale of indulgences.

Justification by Faith Alone

A doctrine championed by Martin Luther asserting that faith is the only means to salvation.

Predestination

A doctrine added by John Calvin stating that God has already determined who will be saved.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty signed in 1555 that established a temporary religious settlement, allowing rulers to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Thirty Years' War

A conflict (1618-1648) that marked the culmination of the European Wars of Religion.

Spanish Inquisition

A tribunal established in Spain to enforce religious orthodoxy through interrogation and punishment.

Catholic Reformation

Efforts by the Catholic Church to reform itself and counter the Protestant Reformation.

Martyr

A person who suffers death or persecution for their religious beliefs.

Absolutism

A political system where a single ruler holds absolute power, often leading to the persecution of perceived threats.

Witch Craze

The mass hysteria and trials that took place across Europe between the 1560s and 1700 due to belief in witchcraft.

Caliphate

A form of Islamic government led by a caliph, who is considered a political and religious successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

Ummah

The collective community of Muslims around the world.

Janissaries

Elite military corps in the Ottoman Empire composed of Christian boys converted to Islam and trained to serve the Sultan.

Millet System

An Ottoman system allowing various religious communities to govern themselves under their own laws while paying taxes to the Empire.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful Turkish state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to the early 20th century.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in southern China (1850-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing dynasty, advocating for social reform and Christian values.

Boxer Uprising

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, which was meant to expel foreign influence.

Meiji Restoration

The period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan, beginning in 1868, which restored practical imperial rule.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technologies, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas, primarily for slave labor in plantation agriculture.

Renaissance Popes

Refers to the popes during the Renaissance period who were noted for their patronage of the arts and the emergence of new doctrines within the church.

Deism

The view that reason and observation of the natural world, rather than religious texts, can determine the existence of God.

Confucianism

A system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius, which emphasizes morality, family loyalty, and respect for elders.

Filial Piety

A virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors in Confucian philosophy.

Li Zongtang

A prominent Chinese general in the late Qing dynasty known for his military campaigns against the Taiping Rebellion.