Human anatomy written exam 2

Sternoclavicular joint

-Medial end of clavicle AKA sternal end meets manubrium of sternum

-double gliding joint: elevates, depresses, protracts, and retracts clavicle

-contains intraarticular disk

Acromioclavicular joint

-Lateral end (acromial end) of clavicle and acromion process of scapula meet

-gliding joint

-joint typically dislocated during shoulder dislocation

Scapula

-Very thin bone/flat bone

-Contain 3 borders, 2 angles, 1 spine, 2 processes, and 4 fossa

-Medial border is closest to spinal column

-Lateral border is closest to arm

-Top border is called superior border

-Superior angle is where medial and superior borders meet

-Inferior angle is where medial and lateral borders meet

-End of spine is called acromion process

-Coracoid process is found in the anterior side of scapula and looks like a hook thumb

-Subscapular fossa is the front of scapula

-Supraspinous fossa is back of scapula above spine

-Infraspinous fossa is back of scapula below spine

-Glenoid fossa is where the humerus connects to the scapula

Glenohumeral joint

-shoulder ball and socket joint

-glenoid fossa of scapula and head of humerus

-moves in 3 planes in any combination

where is the scapular or suprascapular notch found?

-found along superior border of scapula

How does the scapula move?

-Along the thoracic cage but not a joint b/c bone is not moving on bone, defined as motion but not articular motion

-elevates, depresses, protracts, retracts, tilts inward and outward, lateral/upward and medial/downward rotation

-when you lift your arm there is 180 degrees of movement, 1/3 or 60 of those degrees come from scapula tilting outward, the remaining 120 degrees come from the glenohumeral joint

-for every 2 degrees of motion of glenohumeral joint there is 1 degree of motion for scapula

-if imobalized there would be shortening and scarring so arm could not raise above head, scapularthoracic and glenohumeral motions do not come back at same time or in same proportion

Surgical vs anatomical neck of humerus

-surgical is lower than anatomical

-when humerus cracks it is usually at the surgical neck

Radius

-lateral bone of forearm

Ulna

-medial and stationary bone of forearm

Pronation of forearm

-the collective rotation between two pinitols joints called radial/ulnar joint

-no movement at elbow or wrist

-palm faces behind and radius rotates over the top of a fixed ulna

-ulna never moves

Carpal bones of the wrist

-there are 8

-proximal and distal rows

-proximal row anterior view from lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triangular, pisiform

-distal row anterior view from lateral to medial: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Ulna and carpal bones

-intraarticular disk that sits in groove between distal part of ulna and proximal row of carpals mainly lunate, triangular, and pisiform

Radiocarpal joint

-Scaphoid and lunate meet radius

Metacarpals

-5

-2 through 5 meet carpals with gliding joint

-1 meets trapezium as saddle joint and allows for flexing, extending, adducting, abducting but is rotated 90 degrees so motions take place in opposite planes which allows for opposition of thumbs

Metacarpal phalangeal joints

-2 through 5 are condyloid joints (flex, extend, abduct, adduct)

-1 is a hinge joint which only flexes and extends

Interphalangeal joints

-Hinge joints

Colles fracture

-fall on outstretched arm and fracture a styloid process

humeral ulnar joint

-hinge joint in elbow

humeral radial joint

-hinge joint in elbow

Proximal radial ulnar joint and distal radial ulnar joint

-allows radius to course over fixed ulna

-pivot takes place between head of radius and radial notch of ulna

-pivot joints

What is the name of the wrist joint?

-radial carpal joint

-ulna does not create joint with carpals because of disk

What are the major ligaments of the upper extremity?

-coracoclavicular ligament

-Acromial clavicular ligament

-Coracoacromial ligament

Coracoclavicular ligament

-double ligament

-medial conoid ligament and lateral trapezoid ligament

-attach to coronoid process of scapula to help stabilize position of clavicle relative to scapula

Acromial clavicular ligament

-acromion process of scapula and clavicle acromial end

-supports acromial clavicular joint on all sides

-Coracoacromial ligament

-forms roof over glenohumeral joint

-between acromion process and coracoid process both of scapula

-function is not to prevent unwanted movement of joint as is connects different points of same bone rather than bones of a joint

Glenoid labrum

-fibrocartilage along outside of glenoid fossa

-deepens socket and increases stability of glenohumeral joint

-susceptible to damage and small tears

Ligaments of elbow

-Medial/ulnar collateral ligament

-lateral/radial collateral ligament

-Annular ligament which surrounds head of radius and forms pivot joint with ulna AKA proximal radial/ulnar joint

Collateral ligaments at wrist and digits

-prevent unwanted motion and stabilize

Supraglenoid tubercle

on the top edge of glenoid cavity

Infraglenoid tubercle

on bottom edge of glenoid cavity

What muscles attach the axial skeleton to the shoulder girdle?

-all attach from either vertebral column or rib cage to scapula

-Trapezius

-Minor Rhomboid

-Major Rhomboid

-Levater scapulae

-Serratus anterior

-Pectoralis minor

Trapezius make up

-upper, middle, and lower parts

Trapezius origin

-upper part from elaboration of supraspinous ligament know as ligamentum nuche

-C7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Trapezius insertion

acromion process of scapula and lateral 1/3 of clavicle

What does trapezius do

-all parts retract scapula

-upper parts elevate scapula

-lower parts depress scapula

Trapezius is innervated by what

spinal accessory nerve AKA 11th cranial nerve

Minor Rhomboid origin

C7 and T1 spinous processes

Minor Rhomboid insertion

medial border of scapula

What does minor rhomboid do

retracts and elevates scapula

Major Rhomboid origin

T2 through T5 spinous processes

Minor Rhomboid innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

Major Rhomboid insertion

medial border of scapula

Major Rhomboid innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

Levater scapulae origin

C1-C4 transverse processes

Major Rhomboid action

retract and elevate scapula

Levater scapulae action

elevates scapula

Levater scpulae innervation

dorsal scapular nerve

Levater scapulae insertion

medial border of scapula

Serratus anterior innervation

long thoracic nerve

Serratus anterior insertion

medial border of scapula

serratus anterior origin

lateral part of thoracic cage

serratus anterior action

-protracts scapula

-laterally rotates scapula

what is the most important muscle for laterally rotating scapula?

serratus anterior

If someone has issues elevating, adducting, and flexing shoulder because it wont tilt, there is scapular winging as well, what is the problem?

Thers is a weak or denervated serratus anterior which is due to problem with long thoracic nerve

Pectoralis minor innervation

medial pectoral nerve

Pectoralis minor origin

ribs 3-5

pectoralis minor insertion

coracoid process of scapula

what does the pectoralis minor do?

protracts scapula

Muscles that insert on the humerus

-pectoralis major

-latissimus dorsi

-deltoid

pectoralis major compared to minor

superficial to minor and broader origin

pectoralis major innervation

-medial pectoral nerve

-lateral pectoral nerve

Pectoralis major origin

medial 2/3 of clavicle and sternum

pectoralis major insertion

greater tubercle found on lateral side of humerus

pectoralis major action

-flexes glenohumeral joint

-adducts glenohumeral joint

-internally rotates glenohumeral joint

latissimus dorsi innervation

thoracodorsal nerve

latissimus dorsi origin

midline supraspinous process T6 to sacrum

latissimus dorsi insertion

floor of bicipital groove of humerus

latissimus dorsi action

-extends shoulder

-adducts shoulder

-internally rotates shoulder

Deltoid enervation

axillary nerve

deltoid origin

lateral 1/3 of clavicle and acromion process of scapula

deltoid insertion

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

deltoid actions

-anterior flexes and internally rotates shoulder

-middle abducts shoulder

-posterior extends and externally rotates shoulder

muscles that originate on scapula but insert on humerus

-subscapularis

-supraspinatus

-infraspinatus

-teres minor

-teres major

what muscles make up the rotator cuff

-subscapularis

-supraspinatus

-infraspinatus

-teres minor

Subscapularis innervation

upper subscapular nerve and lower subscapular nerve

subscapularis origin

subscapular fossa

subscapularis insertion

close to lesser tubercle of humerus

subscapularis action

internally rotates humerus

Supraspinatus innervation

suprascapular nerve

supraspinatus origin

supraspinous fossa

supraspinatus insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

supraspinatus action

abduct humerus

infraspinatus innervation

suprascapular nerve

infraspinatus origin

infraspinatus fossa

infraspinatus insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

infraspinatus action

externally rotates humerus

teres minor innervation

axillary nerve

teres minor origin

lateral border of scapula

teres minor insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

teres minor action

externally rotates humerus

teres major innervation

lower subscapular nerve

teres major origin

lateral border of scapula

teres major insertion

lesser tubercle of humerus

teres major action

internally rotates humerus

muscles that move the arm

-coracobrachialis

-biceps brachii

-brachialis

-triceps brachii

-anconeus

what are the two most common muscles of the rotator cuff that are torn?

infraspinatus and teres minor

Coracobrachialis innervation

musculocutaneous nerve

coracobrachialis origin

coracoid process of scapula

coracobrachialis insertion

medial border of humerus

coracobrachialis action

flex and adducts shoulder