history

What were the 3 Gs?

Gold, God, Glory

What did Gold represent in exploration?

Wealth and economic opportunity

What did God represent in exploration?

Spreading Christianity

What did Glory represent in exploration?

Power and fame for a country

What inventions made exploration easier?

Compass, astrolabe, caravel, and improved maps

What did the compass help explorers do?

Determine direction

What did the astrolabe help explorers do?

Determine position using the stars

What was the caravel?

A fast and maneuverable ship used during exploration

What was Christopher Columbus originally trying to find?

A route to Asia

How many voyages did Columbus make?

Four

Where did Columbus actually arrive?

The Caribbean islands

What was Coronado searching for?

The Seven Cities of Gold

What years did Coronado explore?

1540-1542

What area did Ponce de León explore?

Florida

What was Ponce de León's first major role?

Governor of Puerto Rico

What major ocean current did Ponce de León help identify?

The Gulf Stream

When did the Spanish Reconquista end?

1492

How did the Reconquista influence exploration?

It gave Spain military experience and increased religious motivation

What major religious conflict developed during the Protestant Reformation?

Protestant England vs. Catholic Spain

What was a main goal of Jesuit missionaries?

Convert Native peoples to Christianity

How did European exploration affect Indigenous peoples?

Disease, conflict, and loss of land

How many distinct Indigenous groups existed across North America?

Over 2,000

Why were Indigenous cultures different from one another?

They adapted to different environments and resources

What was the Iroquois Confederacy?

A political alliance of several Northeast Indigenous nations

Which nations were part of the Iroquois Confederacy?

Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca

What were the Three Sisters?

Corn, beans, and squash

What type of homes were common in the Northeast?

Longhouses and wigwams

What type of political system did many Northeast groups use?

Consensus-based and representative government

What were wampum belts used for?

Record-keeping and communication

What does matrilineal mean?

Family descent is traced through the mother's side

What major city developed in the Mississippi River Valley?

Cahokia

Why was Cahokia important?

It was the largest pre-Columbian city north of Mexico

What were Mississippi River Valley societies known for building?

Large mounds

What was a major economic activity in the Mississippi River Valley?

Farming and river trade

What were Atlantic Coast tribes especially known for?

Fishing and coastal resources

What were some Atlantic Coast tribes?

Powhatan, Nanticoke, Lenape, and Pequot

What were Pacific Coast tribes known for?

Salmon fishing, totem poles, cedar use, and seafaring

What were some Pacific Coast tribes?

Tlingit, Haida, Chinook, and Chumash

What was a potlatch ceremony?

A ceremony involving gift giving, dancing, and displays of wealth

Why was cedar important to Pacific Coast peoples?

It was used for houses, boats, tools, and art

What building material was common in the Southwest?

Adobe

What were some Southwest tribes?

Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, Hopi, and Zuni

What important farming innovation was used in the Southwest?

Irrigation systems

Why was irrigation important in the Southwest?

It allowed farming in a dry desert environment

What were kivas?

Ceremonial spaces used by some Southwest Indigenous peoples

What was a common feature of Indigenous resource management?

Sustainable use of land and natural resources

What was controlled burning used for?

Managing forests and improving ecosystems

What was Jamestown?

The first permanent English settlement in North America

When was Jamestown founded?

1607

What organization established Jamestown?

The Virginia Company of London

What major problem did Jamestown face?

Starvation

Who helped Jamestown survive?

John Smith

What was John Smith's famous rule?

He who does not work shall not eat

What crop made Jamestown economically successful?

Tobacco

Why did tobacco increase slavery in Virginia?

Plantations needed a large permanent labor force

Who founded Plymouth Colony?

The Pilgrims

When did the Pilgrims arrive at Plymouth?

1620

Who was an important leader of Plymouth?

William Bradford

Why did the Pilgrims come to America?

To separate from the Church of England and seek religious freedom

What was the Mayflower Compact?

An agreement establishing self-government in Plymouth

Why was the Mayflower Compact important?

It was an early example of colonial self-government

What did Puritans want to do?

Purify the Church of England

What did Pilgrims want to do?

Separate from the Church of England

Who founded Massachusetts Bay Colony?

John Winthrop

What was John Winthrop's famous idea?

City upon a Hill

What did City upon a Hill mean?

Massachusetts Bay should be a model Christian community

Who founded Providence, Rhode Island?

Roger Williams

Why was Roger Williams important?

He supported religious freedom and separation of church and state

Why was Maryland founded?

As a haven for English Catholics

Who established Maryland?

Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore

What was the Maryland Toleration Act?

A 1649 law granting religious freedom to Christians

Who founded Pennsylvania?

William Penn

What religion was William Penn associated with?

Quakerism

What did William Penn call Pennsylvania?

A Holy Experiment

What was Pennsylvania known for?

Religious tolerance, diversity, and Quaker principles

What were the New England colonies?

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire

What was the climate of New England?

Cold with rocky soil

What were major New England industries?

Fishing, shipbuilding, trade, and small-scale farming

What is subsistence farming?

Growing enough food mainly for yourself or your family

Where was subsistence farming common?

New England

Why was large-scale farming difficult in New England?

Cold climate and rocky soil

What was the climate of the Middle Colonies?

Moderate with fertile soil

What was the nickname of the Middle Colonies?

The Breadbasket Colonies

Why were the Middle Colonies called the Breadbasket Colonies?

They produced large amounts of grain

What were major Middle Colony economic activities?

Grain farming and trade

What was a major feature of Middle Colony society?

Religious and ethnic diversity

What was the climate of the Southern Colonies?

Warm with fertile soil

What was the main Southern economy?

Plantation agriculture

What were major Southern cash crops?

Tobacco, rice, and indigo

What was the most important cash crop in colonial Virginia?

Tobacco

Why did the Southern Colonies rely heavily on enslaved labor?

Large plantations required a large workforce

What was the House of Burgesses?

The first elected representative assembly in the English colonies

Where was the House of Burgesses located?

Virginia

Where were town meetings most common?

New England

Why were town meetings important?

They allowed colonists to participate in local government

What was mercantilism?

An economic system designed to increase the wealth of the mother country through trade

How did mercantilism measure a country's wealth?

By how much gold and silver it possessed

What did colonies provide under mercantilism?

Raw materials and markets for manufactured goods

Where were the British colonies mainly located?

East of the Appalachian Mountains along the Atlantic coast

How did geography affect colonial economies?

Climate, soil, rivers, and harbors influenced farming and trade