Chapter 16 - Visual Score Analysis 1

Bb

________ instruments- Sound a major second below the written concert pitch.

Melody

________ with accompaniment- Clearly has only one melodic line, but the harmony is not limited to chords moving together.

Alto

________ instruments- ________ saxophone, oboe, alto flute, viola, horn.

chords

The ________ are played as arpeggios or broken ________.

Period

When phases come in pairs and relate to each other

Antecedent

The first phrase

Consequent

The second phrase

Parallel period

When the beginning of the melody is the same in both phrases

Contrasting period

When the beginning of the melody in each phrase is different

Form

An analysis of phrase structure

Song form (aaba)

The most common phrase structure

Coda (Codetta)

The closing few measures of a composition following the PAC, usually not a part of the main thematic material, but an ending added to give the composition closure

Coda sign

Used in compositions that employ a da capo (D.C.) or dal segno (D.S.)

Texture

Basic element of music

Counterpoint

Involves the writing of musical lines that are distinct from each other, but sound harmonious when played together

Chords

Occur when three or more notes are grouped together as a unit

Monophonic

Has only one melodic line with no harmony or counterpoint

Homophonic

Has one melodic line that draws your attention

Chordal homophony

Every line or voice moving together with exactly the same or nearly the same rhythm

Melody with accompaniment

Clearly has only one melodic line, but the harmony is not limited to chords moving together

Ostinato

Short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout an entire composition or some portion of a composition

Alberti bass

An accompaniment figure played on a keyboard instrument with the left hand

Walking bass

A style of bass accompaniment or line that creates a feeling of regular quarter-note movement, similar to the regular alternation of feet while walking

Ragtime

An American style of music that was popular at the turn of the 20th century

Sequence

The repeated melodic pattern at a different interval

Polyphonic (Polyphony, Counterpoint, Contrapuntal)

If more than one independent melody is occurring at the same time

Imitative

If the individual lines are similar in their shapes and sounds

Fugue

A form of composition popular in the Baroque era, in which a theme or subject is introduced by one voice and is imitated by other voices in succession

Nonimitative

If the voice shows little or no resemblance to each other

Countermelody

A secondary melody or line written to be played simultaneously with a more prominent melody

Heterophonic

Theres only one melody but different variations of it are being sung or played at the same time

Solo

A single performer or a passage that is to be performed by a single performer

Soli

A directive to perform an indicated passage of a composition with an entire section of an ensemble

Tutti

All members play

Soprano instruments

Flute, recorder, violin, clarinet, trumpet

Alto instruments

Alto saxophone, oboe, alto flute, viola, horn

Tenor instruments

Trombone, clarinet, tenor, saxophone

Baritone instruments

Basson, English horn, baritone, saxophone, baritone horn, bass clarinet, cello

Bass instruments

Contrabassoon, bass saxophone, double bass, tuba

String

Plucked or bowed across strings

Woodwind

Blowing into a tube with or without a vibrating reed

Brass

Vibrating the lips against the tube to create sound

Percussion

Struck with a hand or a stick to produce sound

Timbre

Determined by how the sound is produced, what the instrument is made of, and the range of an instrument

Register

Refers to the division of the range of an instrument or singing voice

Tessitura

The general range of a performer usually vocal that is the most comfortable, and presents the best-sounding, most characteristic tone quality

Transposition

To sound a pitch different from the one written

Instrumental transposition

The process of changing the key of a musical piece to accommodate instruments that sound a pitch different from what is notated

Concert pitch

The actual notes as played by piano or sung by the voice

Bb instruments

Sound a major second below the written concert pitch

F instruments

Sound a perfect fifth below concert pitch

Eb instruments

Sound a major sixth below (or a minor third above) concert

Orchestra bells and piccolo

They sound an octave higher than written.

Double bass

Sounds an octave lower than written.