Theme 3 - The cultural revolution

Aims of the CR - remove

Capitalist + bourgois ideas

Enemies

The 4 olds

Education

9 categories

What are the 4 olds

Ideas

Culture

Customs

Habits

Why were they vaguely described

To suit to maos needs and wants

The removal of education

Teachers tortured + wore dunce caps

Prisons called cowsheds

Done by red guard

What did the 9 categories include

Landlords

Anti revolutionaries

Capitalist readers

Traitors

Bad influences

Spies

Intellectuals

What did they want to revive

Cult of personality

Beijing 1966

1700 murders

Shanghai

704 suicides

534 deaths

The start of the cultural revolution

1966 tiananmen square

Liu and deng removed

CR deaths

2-7 million

Feature - anarchy and terror

Posters and articles attacking the rich/old ideas

What happened to those accused

Struggle sessions

Attacked and tortured

What didn't grant immunity

Revolution/ military contribution

The babusha crematorium 1966

Disposed of 2000 bodies in 2 weeks

Death rates in guangxi

67,000 killings over 10 years

Hundreds of thousands died in which provinces

Tibet, sichuan, Mongolia

What happened between red guard factions

Fights

Shanghai 1967

This led to

January storm

City controlled by Shanghai revolutionary committee and PLA

This finally made Mao allow

The PLA to suppress red guards and certain groups

This was known as

The February crackdown

Who was the little red book written by

Lin biao

What did the little red book do

Revived the cult of personality

People used arguments from it

What was the little red book known as

Chinas secular bible

How many copies and chapters

750 million

33

What did the book do for Mao and the party

Separate them in the public view

Diary of Lei Feng (1963)

Role model worker

Maos loyalty

Mass rallies did what

Made students feel important

Revive the cult of personality

Mao told the red guards to what

Bombard the headquarters

Mass rallies 1966

Waved copies of the little red book

Mao greeted them in the square

How many rallies were there

8

What did the rallies demonstrate from Mao

Closeness to PlA

What did the rallies promote

Revolutionary tourism

Attacks on fashion

Western and 'hong kong' style attacked

Correction stations set up

Street names changed

Attacks on religion

No public worship or ceremonies allowed

Remaining clergy imprisoned

Attacks on culture

Traditional families criticised

Expected to expose family members

Physical cultural sites destroyed in purification

The attacks on culture were seen as a

Failure. Mao could not remove the,

Red Guard Activities

Defeat the 4 olds

Renaming

Restaurant visitors had to state class origins

Within the 4 olds Mao told them to

Boldly arouse the masses

Hospital renaming example

Beijing hospital became imperial hospital

Use of terror

Bad classes subject to denunciation/intimidation in struggle meetings

What happened to victims

Tortured, kidnapped, killed, harassed

When was chinas red terror

1966

Targets during cultural destruction

Temples

Statues

Sculptures

Artefacts

Burial sites vandalised

Example of burial site

Mai tai

200 year old Qing era archway destroyed

Houses were raided for

Western books

Traditional gardens

Classical instruments

Old music

Libraries

Confucianism texts banned

1/3 l8brarues shut

How many books lost

7 million lost in each of 5 provinces

PLA and red guard

Protected the forbidden city

Confucianist temple destroyed by 200 students

Cultural destruction in Tibet

Prayer flags removed

Long hair banned

Monasteries looted

Impacts of the CR - ancient culture

Wu xan denounced as propagator of feudal ideas

Imperial/foreign rule destroyed

What happened to wu xan

Chopped and burned

How many artefacts destroyed in a month

7000

Impacts of the CR - literature and art

Books lost

Indians homes raided for western items

How many libraries were exterminated

1100

Impacts of the CR - culture in Tibet

Religious provocation destroyed

Attacks on shrines and monasteries

Buddhist scriptures destroyed

Key consequences of the CR

Women lost children

Modernisation of China delayed

Shortages of experts

Loss of cultural identity

What happened to chinas youth

Crime and loose morals increased

Entire generation lost schooling and lived in poverty

What was this young generation called

The lost generation

1 million died due to

Torture, beatings, suicide and psychological torment

Production falls

Fell in factories

Output fell by 14% in agriculture

When had output fallen by 14%

1967

Purging capitalist roaders

Loudspeakers and slogans

What did shops and restaurants do

Refused to serve Soviets

Smash Brezhnev head

Red guards attacked which embassies

Burma

Indonesia

India

Cultural ones

Who were imprisoned in an embassy for 6 months

Dutch

Pregnant women, children, etc

What embassy was siezed and attacked in Britain

British

Chinese

How many politburo members held position

9/23

Who were members replaced with

Young women loyal to Mao

What percent of party officials removed

70%

How many cadres sent to reeducation

3 million

What formed due to cadre removal

Non party formed and led communes

What did the PLA want

To end red guard violence which they were allowed to do in 1968

Where did PLA officers dominance

Red guard factions

What action was taken

Military leading to civil war in shanxi

Reestablished discipline in schools

What school was difficult to reestablish

Qinghua university

10 died in conflicts

Rustification movement

Compulsory

5 million

1968-1970

what increased

Urban unemployment

What did it mean for this generation

Taught peasant life

Reinforced army control over them

Most felt betrayed by Mao

Who was the gang of four

Led by maos wife jing

Radicals

Who lessened their influence

Mao stopped backing them

PLA

Any confucious campaign 1973

Discredit lin

Attacked Zhou and deng

Who was Deng Xiaoping?

Chief of staff 1975

Purged twice

The 4 modernisations

1977 ccp secretary

What were the 4 modernisations?

Agriculture

Industry

Defence

Technology

What was it a direct reversal of

Mass mobilisation

Mao didn't back it

Who revived its calls

Zhou enlai

Who was Zhou enlai

Pm 1949-1976

Brought back deng

What did he want to improve

International relations

Remove radicals (unable)

What did his death lead to

Tiannamen square incident

The death of Mao

1976

Gang of Four imprisoned and arrested

What did maos death lead to

A unified state

What did Zhou and Deng do

Reunite the party

Cultural revolution less violent as Gang of Four removed

Victims of the CR

Four olds

Intellectuals

Landlords

Rich peasants

Reactionaries

Bad elements

Rightists

Methods of the CR

Idealism

Terror

Coercion

Self criticism

Reeducation

Aims of the CR

Removal of rituals

Purge of ccp

Confirm and continue revolution

Recreate Chinese culture

Results of the CR

Genocide

Class war

Loss of culture

Poor economy