Biol 112 Lab exam 1

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Calculate Allelic Frequency

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number of desired allele present in population/total number of alleles present in the population ℗

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Calculate genotypic frequency

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number of desired genotypic present within the population/total number of genotypes present in a population (q)

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28 Terms

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Calculate Allelic Frequency

number of desired allele present in population/total number of alleles present in the population ℗

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Calculate genotypic frequency

number of desired genotypic present within the population/total number of genotypes present in a population (q)

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Determine expected genotypic frequency

q^2

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

describes the genetic variation in a population and determines it will remain constant from one generation to the next without disturbing factors

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Natural Selection

some genotypes are more likely to survive than others

  • predation: predators present within the environment of the species being observed
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Sexual Selection

a defining factor in which sexual desirability impacts a species ability to survive and continue their genetic line

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Genetic Drift

change in the gene frequency from one generation to the next from random chance

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Gene Flow

happens where individuals from the population leave and remove their alleles from the original population or when new alleles are added to the population (emigration vs. immigration)

  • genotypic and allelic frequencies are changed
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Mutation

introduction of a new allele into the population via random change of an existing allele

  • most often results in lower fitness for the individual
  • quickly eliminated from the population unless completely masked by the presence of a good allele
  • rarely will improve fitness for individual
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horizontal gene transfer

incorporation of DNA from other, unrelated organisms

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fundamental characteristics of bacteria

  • presence of a cell wall made from peptidoglycan
  • cocci: spherical shape
  • bacillus: rod-shaped
  • spirillum: spiral-shaped
  • Ex: bacillus, coccus, spirillum, and cylindrospermum
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cyanobacteria

  • bacillus and/or coccus
  • contain thylakoids
    • can photosynthesize
  • called heterocyst’s
    • focused on nitrogen fixation
  • have colony members known as akinetes
    • spore-form cells with thick cell wall to protect from harsh environmental conditions
  • gave rise to chloroplasts (endosymbiosis)
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Fundamental characteristics of archaea

  • lack peptidoglycan
  • have advanced features (histones nad introns)
  • extremophiles
  • have unique branching hydrocarbons in the cell membranes (enhance cell’s structural support)
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fundamental characteristics of eukarya

  • contain a true nucleus
  • protists: small, mostly single-celled organisms
    • not plants, animals or fungi
    • use flagella, ciliar or pseudopodia for movement
    • live in varied environments
    • varied nutrient sources (hetero-+ autotrophs)
    • 1+ nucleus per cell
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unikonta - amoebozoa

most distinct feature is the lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia

  • large + extend from anywhere on the cell
  • ex: amoeba and slime mold
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“SAR” - stramenopiles

often have two flagella on each cell: one smooth and one “hairy”

  • ex: diatons and achyla
    • also golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes, and diatoms
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“SAR” - alveolates

have a membrane enclosed sac (alveolus) just beneath the plasma membrane

  • some are photosynthetic and others are heterotrophic

  • ex: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

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“SAR” - Rhizarians

have elaborate shells (tests) and thin pseudopodia

  • Ex: radiolarians, foraminiferans, and cercozoans
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Excavata

have a feeding groove on one side

  • asymmetrical + usually single celled
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Excavata - Euglenozoa

usually mixotrophic but some are parasitic

  • Ex: euglena
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Archaeplastida

all are photosynthetic

  • most display alternation of generations
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Archaeplastida - Chlorophytes

have chlorophyll a + b and chloroplasts

  • cell walls have cellulose
  • store carbs as starch
  • Ex: chlamydomonas (2 opposing, anterior flagella) and Volvox (colonial)
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Archaeplastida - Charophytes

resemble land plants in morphology + reproductive strategies)

  • Ex: sporigyra
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seeds

protect and nourish an embryo

  • provide a way for the progeny to be moved by means other than water
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vascular tissue

used to move water and nutrients throughout a plant

  • addition of a root system lets the collection of water and nutrients happen from deeper in the ground and movement of the molecules to distant parts of the plant using the shoot system
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nonvascular plants

bryophytes (hepaticophyta, anthocertophyta and bryophyta) are seedless and nonvascular

  • lack of lignin to increase stability
  • small and limited to damp habitats
  • ex: liverworts and moss
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vascular (tracheophytes) seedless plants

lycophytes (club mosses, quillworts, spike moss) and monilophytes (horsetails, whisk ferns and true ferns)

  • gametes are relatively unprotected and found in the gametangium
  • rely on water to more spores for fertilization
  • leaves
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vascular (tracheophytes) seed plants

spermatophytes

gymnosperms: seeds w/out fruit

  • usually have some form of cone with the ovules and a cone containing pollen
  • coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkophyta and gnetophyta

angiosperms: seed plants with fruit

  • monocots and dicots
  • elaborate flower to attract pollinators
  • seeds encased in an ovary that forms a fruit