Calculate Allelic Frequency
number of desired allele present in population/total number of alleles present in the population ℗
Calculate genotypic frequency
number of desired genotypic present within the population/total number of genotypes present in a population (q)
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Calculate Allelic Frequency
number of desired allele present in population/total number of alleles present in the population ℗
Calculate genotypic frequency
number of desired genotypic present within the population/total number of genotypes present in a population (q)
Determine expected genotypic frequency
q^2
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
describes the genetic variation in a population and determines it will remain constant from one generation to the next without disturbing factors
Natural Selection
some genotypes are more likely to survive than others
Sexual Selection
a defining factor in which sexual desirability impacts a species ability to survive and continue their genetic line
Genetic Drift
change in the gene frequency from one generation to the next from random chance
Gene Flow
happens where individuals from the population leave and remove their alleles from the original population or when new alleles are added to the population (emigration vs. immigration)
Mutation
introduction of a new allele into the population via random change of an existing allele
horizontal gene transfer
incorporation of DNA from other, unrelated organisms
fundamental characteristics of bacteria
cyanobacteria
Fundamental characteristics of archaea
fundamental characteristics of eukarya
unikonta - amoebozoa
most distinct feature is the lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia
“SAR” - stramenopiles
often have two flagella on each cell: one smooth and one “hairy”
“SAR” - alveolates
have a membrane enclosed sac (alveolus) just beneath the plasma membrane
some are photosynthetic and others are heterotrophic
ex: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
“SAR” - Rhizarians
have elaborate shells (tests) and thin pseudopodia
Excavata
have a feeding groove on one side
Excavata - Euglenozoa
usually mixotrophic but some are parasitic
Archaeplastida
all are photosynthetic
Archaeplastida - Chlorophytes
have chlorophyll a + b and chloroplasts
Archaeplastida - Charophytes
resemble land plants in morphology + reproductive strategies)
seeds
protect and nourish an embryo
vascular tissue
used to move water and nutrients throughout a plant
nonvascular plants
bryophytes (hepaticophyta, anthocertophyta and bryophyta) are seedless and nonvascular
vascular (tracheophytes) seedless plants
lycophytes (club mosses, quillworts, spike moss) and monilophytes (horsetails, whisk ferns and true ferns)
vascular (tracheophytes) seed plants
spermatophytes
gymnosperms: seeds w/out fruit
angiosperms: seed plants with fruit