APD Midterm I Review

*Salmonella*

What condition is most commonly acquired from either eggs, red meat, poultry, or milk?

1. Internal carotid artery
2. Sympathetic fibers

What structures go through the carotid canal?

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

What structures go through the cribiform plate?

Sound

What goes through the external acoustic meatus?

1. Facial nerve (CN VII)
2. Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

What structures go through the internal acoustic meatus?

Hypoglossal canal (CN XII)

What goes through the hypoglossal canal?

brainstem

What goes through the foramen magnum?

Mandbiular division of trigemninal nerve (CN V3)

What goes through the foramen ovale?

Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)

What goes through the foramen rotundum?

Middle meningeal artery

What goes through foramen spinosum?

petrosal nerves (Vidian nerve)

What goes through foramen lacerum?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

What goes through the stylomastoid foramen?

1. Optic nerve (CN II)
2. Ophthalmic artery (CN III)

What goes through the optic canal?

Supraorbital nerve/artery

What goes through the supraorbital foramen/notch?

1. Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
2. Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
3. Oculomotor division of trigeminal nerve (CN V1)
4. Abducens nerve (CN VI)

What goes through superior orbital fissure?

Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)

What goes through inferior orbital fissure?

Infraorbital nerve/artery

What goes through infraorbital foramen?

1. Lacrimal nerve
2. Superior orbital vein
3. Frontal nerve
4. Trochlear nerve

What goes through the superior orbital fissure and above Zinn?

1. Nasociliary nerve
2. Oculomotor nerve
3. Abducens nerve

What goes through the superior orbital fissure and through zinn?

1. Optic nerve
2. Ophthalmic artery

What goes through the optic canal and through Zinn?

1. Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
2. Inferior ophthalmic vein

What goes through below zinn and through inferior orbital fissure?

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

What cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

Optic nerve (CN II)

What cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

What cranial nerve causes elevation of eyelid, parasympathetic innervation to eye, and innervates four ocular muscles?

1. Inferior oblique
2. Inferior rectus
3. Medial rectus
4. Superior rectus

What extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve?

Inferior division

What division of the oculomotor nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the eye?

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

What innervates the superior oblique, is the only cranial nerve to exit the brainstem, and susceptible to trauma?

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

What innervates muscles of mastification (chewing)?

Medulla & midbrain

Where is the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve?

1. Ophthalmic
2. Maxillary
3. Mandibular

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

1. Nasociliary branch
2. Frontal branch
3. Lacrimal branch

What are the 3 branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

nasociliary branch

What branch of the ophthalmic nerve innervates the eyeball?

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

What cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus?

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

What cranial nerve is susceptible to high intracranial pressure?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

What cranial nerve innervates the facial muscles (except chewing)?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

What cranial nerve has parasympathetic innervation and is responsible for the anterior 2/3rds of taste?

Medulla & pons

Where is the nucleus of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

What cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and sense of balance?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

What cranial nerve detects oxygen levels and blood pressurs, innervates the parotid salivary gland, provides sensation for back of tongue/throat, and provides sensation for posterior 1/3 taste?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

What cranial nerve innervates stylopharyngeus muscle?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

What cranial nerve innervates the motor for the back of throat, GI system, and heart rate?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

What cranial nerve is the motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscle?

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation to the tongue?

Orbicularis oculi (palpebral portion); Facial nerve (CN VII)

What muscle(s) is/are responsible for normal eyelid closure? What nerve innervates this/these muscle?

1. Orbicularis oculi (orbital portion)
2. Corrugator supercili
3. Procerus

Facial nerve (CN VII)

What muscle(s) is/are responsible for forceful eyelid closure? What nerve innervates this/these muscles?

benign essential blepharospasm

Bilateral forceful eyelid closure

Eyelid myokymia

Twitching of orbicularis oculi palpebral portion

Levator palpebrae superioris; Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

What muscle is responsible for normal eyelid opening? What nerve innervates this muscle?

Frontalis; Facial nerve (CN VII)

What muscle is responsible for forceful eyelid opening? What nerve innervates this muscle?

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

What nerve innervates sympathetic fibers to superior tarsal muscles?

1. Tarsal muscles
2. Levator palpebrae superioris

What 2 muscles lose innervation during a ptosis?

Frontalis contraction to hold eyelid open

What adaptation occurs during a ptosis?

Jugular Foramen

Your patient has an abnormally fast heart rate and trouble shaking his head? Where is the lesion?

Annulus of Zinn

Your patient has ptosis, vision loss, and a strabismus. Where is the lesion site?

Oculomotor motor (CN III) & Abducens nerve (CN VI)

What cranial nerves are responsible for strabismus?

optic nerve (CN II)

What cranial nerve is responsible for vision loss?

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

What cranial nerve is responsible for a ptosis?

b, f, i, j

Damage to which structures could cause cheek numbness?

a. Carotid canal

b. cavernous sinus

c. Foramen spinosum

d. Foramen ovale

e. Foramen rotundum

f. Inferior orbital fissure

g. Superior orbital fissure

h. Supraorbital foramen

i. Infraorbital canal

j. infraorbital foramen

k. jugular foramen

l. Tendinous ring of Zinn

b, g, h

Damage to which structures would cause forehead numbness?

a. Carotid canal

b. cavernous sinus

c. Foramen spinosum

d. Foramen ovale

e. Foramen rotundum

f. Inferior orbital fissure

g. Superior orbital fissure

h. Supraorbital foramen

i. Infraorbital canal

j. infraorbital foramen

k. jugular foramen

l. Tendinous ring of Zinn

Facial nerve (CN VII); stylomastoid foramen & internal acoustic meatus

If a patient cannot shut his eye, where nerve would be lesioned? Through which foramen could this lesion be?

Mandibular nerve

Which cranial nerve innervates the medial pterygoid?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Which cranial nerve is responsible for lacrimation?

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

What cranial nerve innervates the iris sphincter?

1. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
2. Vagus nerve (CN X)

What 2 cranial nerves are responsible for blood pressure?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

What cranial nerve is responsible for digestion?

a & f

Which structures are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

a. Ciliary body muscle

b. Common carotid artery

c. Corrugato supercilia muscle

d. External carotid artery

e. Frontalis muscle

f. Iris sphincter

g. Lateral pterygoid muscle

h. Iris dilator

i. Internal jugular vein

j. Levator palpebrae superioris

k. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

l. Procerus muscle

m. Orbicularis oculi muscle

n. Medial pterygoid muscle

o. Masseter muscle

p. Tarsal muscle

q. Vagus nerve

h & p

Which structures are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

a. Ciliary body muscle

b. Common carotid artery

c. Corrugato supercilia muscle

d. External carotid artery

e. Frontalis muscle

f. Iris sphincter

g. Lateral pterygoid muscle

h. Iris dilator

i. Internal jugular vein

j. Levator palpebrae superioris

k. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

l. Procerus muscle

m. Orbicularis oculi muscle

n. Medial pterygoid muscle

o. Masseter muscle

p. Tarsal muscle

q. Vagus nerve

sternocleidomastoid muscle

What muscle separates the triangles?

1. Masseter muscle
2. Lateral pterygoid muscle
3. Medial pterygoid muscle
4. Temporalis muscle

What are the 4 chewing muscles?

saliva enzymes

What is responsible for partial digestion within the oral cavity?

Immunoglobulin A

What is often found at mucus membranes in tears, saliva, etc. and acts as a barrier to infection?

esophagus

What part of the body delivers food and liquid to stomach?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

What type of epithelium is present in the mucosa of the esophagus?

ruggae

What are the folds in the stomach mucosa that allow for the stomach to expand?

gastric pits

What part of the stomach mucosa causes an increased surface area of the stomach?

1. High bicarbonate
2. Prostaglandins (PGE2)

What are 2 elements of protection within the stomach mucosa?

1. Amylase
2. Pepsin

The stomach functions in the first main site of digestion with what 2 enzymes?

False

True/False: The stomach is the most important site for enzymatic digestion.

1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

What are the 3 anatomic portions of the small intestine?

duodenum

What part of the small intestine is responsible for secretion of enzymes?

jejunum

What part of the small intestine is the main absorption of nutrients?

tenia coli

What are the narrow thickened bands of longitudinal muscle on the colon (large intestine)?

haustra

What are the sacs formed by tenia coli in the colon?

Absorption of water & ions

What is the main function of the large intestine?

1. Water
2. Na+
3. Cl-
4. K+

The small intestine has a net absorption of what elements/molecules?

HCO3-

What does molecules/element does the small intestine secrete?

1. K+
2. HCO3-

What molecule/elements are secreted from the large intestine?

1. Water
2. Na+
3. Cl-

The large intestine has a net absorption of what 3 molecules/elements?

4 & 6

Which of these are NOT a function of the liver?


1. Metabolizes hormones (insulin, glucagon, cortisol)
2. Metabolizes drugs
3. Produces bile
4. Produces digestive enzymes
5. Storage of glucose & vitamins
6. Storage of Vitamin C
7. Makes angiotensinogen & IGF-1
8. Produces C-reactive protein & cholesterol
9. Produces amino acids
10. Produces urea
11. Produces coagulation factors

gallbladder

What organ concentrates bile 10-20 times?

Bile

What component produced by the liver helps with fat absorption in the body?

cystic

Bile enters & exits the gallbladder via the ____________ duct.

common bile duct

Bile enters the duodenum via what duct?

pancreas

What is the digestive protein secreting gland?

pancreas

What organ makes hormones?

small intestine

Which organ absorbs significant water & nutrients?

large intestine

Which organ mainly absorbs only water and ions?

liver

What organ is essential for the production of bile?

liver

Which organ is essential for the production of bile?

exocrine pancreas

Which organ secretes the most digestive enzymes?