TOEFL 12 Geography / Geology

geology; geological study; What does a geological study examine?; A geological study examines Earth's materials, history, and physical processes.

地質學; 地質學

topography; topographical features; How do topographical features affect landscape drainage?; Topographical features shape surface water flow and landscape contours.

地形學; 地形學特徵

terrain; rugged terrain; Where is rugged terrain most commonly found?; Rugged terrain characterizes steep mountain and highland landscapes.

地形; 崎嶇地形

stratum; sedimentary stratum; Which layer contains fossils in a sedimentary stratum?; A sedimentary stratum preserves ancient biological remains in layered rock.

(岩石等的)層; 沈積層

sediment; deposited sediment; How does moving water transport deposited sediment?; Flowing water carries and deposits sediment across riverbeds and basins.

沉積物; 沈積物

weathering; chemical weathering; How does chemical weathering alter bedrock over time?; Chemical weathering breaks down rocks into soil through mineral transformation.

風化(作用); 化學風化

erosion; soil erosion; What force accelerates severe soil erosion on slopes?; Wind and water erosion strip topsoil from exposed slopes.

侵蝕; 土壤侵蝕

aquifer; underground aquifer; How do cities tap water from an underground aquifer?; Cities drill wells to extract fresh water stored within an underground aquifer.

含水層; 地下含水層

groundwater; deep groundwater; How do wells replenish from deep groundwater sources?; Wells draw safe drinking water directly from deep groundwater reserves.

地下水; 深層地下水

water table; dropping water table; Why does a dropping water table threaten local farming?; A dropping water table reduces accessible soil and irrigation moisture.

地下水位; 下降地下水位

safe yield; sustainable safe yield; How does a safe yield protect underground water supplies?; A safe yield limits pumping to match natural replenishment rates.

安全出水量; 可持續安全出水量

quartz; crystalline quartz; What hard rock contains durable crystalline quartz grains?; Granite and sandstone incorporate weather-resistant crystalline quartz.

石英; 結晶石英

clay; fine clay; Why does fine clay retain moisture tightly in soil?; Fine clay particles form dense compact layers that hold water.

黏土; 細黏土

shale; sedimentary shale; How does sedimentary shale form from mud compaction?; Sedimentary shale forms when fine mud compacts under heavy pressure.

頁岩; 沈積頁岩

sandstone; quartz sandstone; What grain composition builds durable quartz sandstone?; Quartz sandstone consists of cemented quartz sand grains.

砂岩; 石英砂岩

limestone; sedimentary limestone; What primary carbonate mineral forms sedimentary limestone?; Sedimentary limestone is composed mainly of calcium carbonate.

石灰岩; 沈積石灰岩

igneous rock; cooled igneous rock; How does cooled igneous rock form from magma?; Cooled igneous rock crystallizes directly from molten magma or lava.

火成岩; 冷卻火成岩

lava; molten lava; How does molten lava flow during a volcanic eruption?; Molten lava pours down volcanic slopes before cooling into rock.

熔岩; 熔融熔岩

strait; narrow strait; Which narrow strait connects two larger water bodies?; A narrow strait channels maritime traffic between adjacent landmasses.

海峽; 狹窄海峽

continental drift theory; historical continental drift theory; What core concept defines continental drift theory?; Continental drift theory posits that ancient continents slowly shifted position.

大陸漂移學說; 歷史大陸漂移學說

plate tectonic; tectonic plate; How does a tectonic plate interact at fault lines?; A tectonic plate shifts dynamically, driving earthquakes and mountain building.

板塊構造學說; 板塊構造

mantle; Earth mantle; Where is the solid-to-plastic Earth mantle located?; The Earth mantle lies beneath the crust down to deep subterranean depths.

(地球的)地函; 地球地函

uplift; tectonic uplift; What geological force drives rapid tectonic uplift of mountains?; Crustal compression and tectonic forces produce vertical mountain uplift.

隆起(= upheaval); tectonic uplift

seismic; seismic wave; How does a seismic wave propagate during an earthquake?; A seismic wave radiates ground vibrations outward from a subterranean rupture.

地震的; 地震波

landslide; mudslide landslide; What triggers a destructive mudslide landslide on steep hills?; Heavy rainfall saturates slopes, triggering a sudden mudslide landslide.

山崩; 泥石流山崩

sand dune; desert sand dune; How does wind shape a shifting desert sand dune?; Wind continuously redeposits loose sand grains into a desert sand dune.

沙丘; 沙漠沙丘

plain; alluvial plain; What agricultural advantage characterizes a flat alluvial plain?; A flat alluvial plain offers fertile soils ideal for intensive farming.

平原; 沖積平原

continental shelf; shallow continental shelf; Where does a shallow continental shelf border a landmass?; A shallow continental shelf extends shallow marine waters near coastlines.

大陸棚; 淺大陸棚

ocean floor; deep ocean floor; What geological features span the dark deep ocean floor?; Trenches and abyssal plains stretch across the deep ocean floor.

海床、海底; 深海床

crevasse; glacial crevasse; Why is crossing a hidden glacial crevasse dangerous for climbers?; A glacial crevasse forms a deep vertical fracture hidden in ice.

冰隙; 冰川冰隙