AP Modern World History: Unit 4

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and reform of the Catholic Church, sparked by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin.

Martin Luther

A German theologian and key figure in the Protestant Reformation who challenged the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, and authored the Ninety-Five Theses.

Thirty Years War

A destructive conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648, primarily fought between Catholic and Protestant states, resulting in significant political and territorial changes.

Counter-Reformation

A period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and reaffirming its doctrines.

Taki Onqoy

A religious movement in 16th-century Peru that sought to restore indigenous beliefs and practices while rejecting Spanish colonial influence.

Jesuits in China

A religious order known for their missionary work, education, and cultural exchange in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Wahhabi Islam

An extreme reform movement within Sunni Islam founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century, emphasizing a return to pure monotheism and adherence to the Quran and Hadith.

Wang Yangming

A Chinese philosopher during the Ming dynasty known for his ideas on knowledge and action, emphasizing the importance of innate knowledge and moral intuition.

The Dream of the Red Chamber

A classic Chinese novel by Cao Xueqin, exploring the rise and fall of a Qing dynasty family, reflecting societal norms and personal relationships. One of the 4 classic Chinese texts.

Mirabai

A 16th-century Hindu poet-saint known for her devotional songs and writings, expressing her love for Lord Krishna and advocating for women's rights in spirituality.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of India in the 15th century, emphasizing devotion to one God, equality, and community service. Took parts of Islam and Hinduism.

Scientific Revolution

A period of significant advancements in scientific thought and experimentation during the 16th and 17th centuries, which challenged traditional views of the universe and laid the foundation for modern science.

Copernicus

A Renaissance astronomer who proposed that the Sun is at the center of the universe, challenging the geocentric model.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and physicist who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. He is known for his contributions to the development of the scientific method and for his observations of celestial bodies.

Newton

British mathematician and physicist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.

European Enlightenment

A cultural and intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. It laid the groundwork for modern science, political theory, and human rights.

Voltaire

A prominent Enlightenment thinker known for his advocacy of civil liberties, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state. He is famous for his wit and criticism of established institutions, particularly the Catholic Church.

Condorcet

A French philosopher and mathematician known for his progressive ideas on education, democracy, and social reform during the Enlightenment.

kaozheng

A Chinese intellectual movement emphasizing evidence-based scholarship and critical analysis of historical texts, often associated with the Qing dynasty.