Chapter 2: Atomic Structure, Molecular Glues, and Molecules of Life

Neutrons

no charge, # = protons.

Denaturation

loss of structure→ loss of function.

Protons

positive charge, atomic # = ID of element.

Peptide bond

covalent bond links amino acids.

matter

material that takes up space

atoms

building blocks of matter

electrons

negative charge
- used in atomic bonding
- usually # = protons

ions

e =/ p

carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

monosaccharides

simple sugar with 1 sugar
ex: glucose

disaccharides

simple sugar with 2 sugars
ex: sucrose=fructose + glucose

organic molecules=

carbon + hydrogen

oligosaccharides

simple sugar with 3-100 monomers that attach to proteins, create blood types and identify cells

polysaccharides

= complex carb
E storage structure made of joined monosaccharides

glycogen

type of polysaccharide that has long-term energy storage
- made of glucose
- ex: liver + skeletal muscle

4

____ major macromolecules of life

lipid groups

triglycerides, sterols, waxes, phospholipids

triglycerides

lipid of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
- sterols and waxes
- long-term storage of energy

sterols

triglyceride with 4 rings
- ex: cholesterol (cell membrane), steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen)

peptide bond

covalent bond links amino acids

protein folding

unique 3D structure

denaturation

loss of protein structure→ loss of function
- ex: fever

nucleic acids

DNA + RNA

nucleotide monomers

5 carbon sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base

phosphate groups

cytosine, thymine, adenine, uracil

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid
double helix
- found in nucleus as chromosomes with genes on them
- original instructions for protein

RNA

ribonucleic acid
single helix
enables protein synthesis
ex: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, siRNA, snRNA

waxes

triglyceride made of a fatty acid and alcohol with a water repellant covering

lipids

hydrophobic, accumulate in adispose (fat tissue), form hormones, cell membranes

ATP

adenosine triphosphate
ENERGY
nucleotide
"A" in DNA and RNA

electrically neutral atoms

e=p

isotopes

p=p n=/p
- radioactive

cations

positively charged ions

anions

negatively charged ions

elements

pure substances (1 type of atom)

25

____ elements essential to life

bulk elements

majority of composition of living things

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, iodine, nitrogen, magnesium, gallium, NaCl, potassium, calcium, iron

CHOPIN's MiGhty Salty K Cafe (bulk elements)

trace elements

required in small amounts

molecule

2+ bonded atoms with outermost electrons
creates energy

ionic bonds

electrical attraction
electrons transferred
- weak under dry conditions

covalent bonds

sharing electrons
nonpolar vs polar

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond

polar

unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond

water

polar covalent bond
- H bonds weak but strong together
essential to life
life solvent
temp regulation (high heat capacity)

water is essential to life

ability to dissolve in water helps classify chemicals

hydrophilic

water-loving
polar
dissolves easily
travels in blood
cant cross cell membranes

hydrophobic

water fearing
nonpolar
doesn't dissolve well
doesn't travel in blood well
can cross cell membranes

cohesive

water molecules stick together

adhesive

water molecules stick to other things (meniscus)

hydrolysis

water breaks down macromolecules

native

properly folded protein structure

fibrous proteins

fibers, make structure of cells, insoluble

globular proteins

soluble, transport, round shaped

simple sugars

source of quick energy
- 3 types