Chapter 2: Atomic Structure, Molecular Glues, and Molecules of Life

$Atomic Structure$

%%matter%%: material that takes up space

%%atoms%%: building blocks of matter

• %%atomic structure%%:
  • %%nucleus%%:
  • %%protons%%: positive charge, atomic # = ID of element
  • %%neutrons%%: no charge, # = protons
  • %%P + N%% = atomic weight (mass)
  • %%electron cloud%% (shell):
  • %%electrons%%: negative charge
    • $atomic bonding$
    • usually # = protons
    • %%ions%%: e =/ p

$Types of Atoms$

• electrically neutral
  • \

$Organic Molecules$

• %%organic molecules%%= carbon + hydrogen
• %%4 major macromolecules of life%%:
  • %%carbohydrates%%: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  • %%simple sugars%%=energy
    • $monosaccharides$- 1 sugar
    • %%ex%%: glucose
    • $disaccharides$: 2 sugars
    • %%ex%%: sucrose=fructose + glucose
    • $oligosaccharides$: 3-100 monomers
    • attach to %%proteins%%
    • %%blood%% types
    • ID to cells
  • %%complex carbs%%
    • %%polysaccharides%%: E storage structure
    • monosaccharides joined
    • %%glycogen%%: long-term energy storage
      • %%ex%%: liver + skeletal muscle
  • %%lipids%%
  • %%hydrophobic%%
  • accumulate in adipose (fat tissue)
  • hormones, cell membranes
  • %%groups%%: triglycerides, sterols, waxes, phospholipids
    • $triglycerides$: 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
    • %%sterols%%:
      • 4 rings
      • %%cholesterol%%
      • steroid hormones
      • %%ex%%: testosterone, estrogen
    • %%waxes%%:
      • fatty acids + alcohol
      • water repellent covering
  • %%proteins%%
  • %%amino acid%% monomers
  • %%peptide bond%%: covalent bond links amino acids
  • diverse
  • %%protein folding%%: unique 3D structure
  • %%denaturation%%: loss of $structure$→ loss of $function$
    • %%ex%%: fever
  • %%nucleic acids%%: DNA + RNA
  • %%nucleotide monomers%%: 5 carbon sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base
    • $deoxyribonucleic acid$ (DNA):
    • %%double%% helix
    • found in %%NUCLEUS%%
      • %%chromosomes%% → heredity/%%genes%%
    • %%phosphate groups%%: $cytosine$, %%thymine%%, ==adenine==, ^^uracil^^
    • $ribonucleic acid$
    • %%single%% strand
    • everywhere
    • %%various%%
      • enables %%protein synthesis%% (gene expression)
      • %%ex%%: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, siRNA, snRNA
    • $ATP$ (adenosine triphosphate)=$ENERGY$
    • nucleotide
    • “A” %%in DNA and RNA%%