Integumentary System

integumentary system

the largest body system **(hệ bì)**

epidermis

the outermost skin layer **(biểu bì)**

dermis/coridum

the second skin layer **(trung bì)**

subcutaneous fat

the third skin layer

avascular

without a direct blood supply **(vô mạch)**

squamous

(of tissue) stratified, arranged in multiple layers **(vảy)**

stratum corneum

the outer most part of the epidermis **(lớp sừng)**

keratin

a protein that are found nails and hair

epidermal dust

epidermal cells are usually shed from the surface **(da chết)**

stratum basale

basal layers that produce new cells to replace superficial keratinized cells that are continuously shed and worn away **(lớp đáy)**

melanocytes

specialized skin cells that protect the skin by producing and dispersing melanin to surrounding epithelial cells **(tế bào hắc tố)**

matrix

extracellular material that made up most of the dermis **(chất nền ngoại bào)**

collagen

a protein that gives strength to the dermis

elastin

a protein that makes the skin pliable

reticular fibers

the fibers that bind the collagen and elastin fibers together **(sợi liên võng)**

dermal fibroblast

spindle-shaped connective tissue cells, produces reticular fibers **(nguyên bào sợi da)**

papillary dermis

one of the dermis’s layers, has fingerlike projections that nourish epidermal cells **(lớp nhú)**

reticular dermis

the bottom layer of the dermis, covers a layer of subcutaneous tissue, provides energy, and absorbs mechanical shock **(lớp lưới)**

basement membrane

a collagenous membrane separates the epidermis and dermis and holds them together **(màng đáy)**

adipose/panniculus adiposus

composed of fat cells

hair papilla

nhú lông

hair follicle

**nang lông**

arrector pili

a bundle of smooth-muscle fibers extends through the dermis and attaches to the base of the follicle **(cơ dựng lông)**

nail plate

**phần bề mặt móng từ cuticles đến free edge**

nail folds/cuticles

**lớp da sâu bên khóe móng**

nail bed

**nền móng**

nail matrix

extends proximally 5mm beneath the nail fold **(mầm móng)**

lunula

distal portion of the matrix shows through the nail as a pale crescent-moon-shaped area **(liềm móng)**

vascular bed

something that imparts the characteristic pink apperance under the nails **(mạng mạch máu)**

sebaceous glands

a gland that produces sebum (tuyến bã nhờn)

eccrine glands

glands that produce an odorless, watery fluid with sodium concentradion equal to that of plasma **(tuyến tiết thủy dịch)**

apocrine glands

glands that are mostly in axillary and anogenital areas, produce fluid that are decomposed by bacteria to create body odor **(tuyến đầu tiết)**

dermatomes

segmental areas of the skin where sensory nerve fibers originate in the nerve roots along the spine and terminate **(đốt da)**

thermoregulation

control of body temperature

Langerhans’ cells

specialized cells in the skin that help enhance the body’s immune system

perception - protection - regulation

3 main functions of the skin (PPR)

cyanosis

bluish skin color that’s caused by ==an excess of oxygen-starved hemoglobin molecules in the blood== **(hội chứng xanh tím)**

pallor

pale skin **(da nhợt nhạt)**

circumoral pallor

cyanotic skin around the lips

ecchymosis

reddish purple skin discoloration that’s caused by ==hemorrhages in the dermal or intradermal space== **(máu bầm)**

erythema

redness or inflammation of the skin resulting from the ==congestion of the superficial capillaries== **(ban đỏ)**

purpura

purple-red or brown-red discoloration on the skin due to ==hemorrhage in the tissues== **(ban xuất huyết)**

petechiae

small discolored areas

ecchymoses

large discolored areas

jaundice

yellowing of the skin caused by elevated bilirubin levels

carotenemia

yellow-orange skin discoloration that’s caused by excess level of carotene in the blood

skin turgor

a condition of normal tension in the skin reflects the skin’s elasticity

*use to assessed if there is a dehydration or connective tissue disorder*

lesion

abnormal changes in the skin, including wounds, sores, tumors and rashes

bulla - blister - bleb

fluid-filled lesion **(mụn nước)**

cyst

a semisolid encapsulated mass that extends deep into the dermis **(nang)**

macule

a flat, pigmented area that is less than 3/8 inches in diameter **(dát)**

Ex: a freckle

papule

a firm, raised lesion up to 1/4 inches in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or may be pigmented **(nốt sần)**

plaque

flat, raised patch on the skin

pustule

lesion that contains pus, which gives it a yellow-white color **(mụn mủ)**

tumor

elevated solid legion larger than 3/4 inches that extends into dermal and subcutaneous layers

vesicle

a raised, fluid-filled lesion that’s less than 1/4 inches in diameter

*Ex: chicken pox produces _____*

wheal

a raised, firm lesion with intense swelling around the area

*Ex: urticaria (hives)*

atrophy

thinning of the skin surface caused by a disorder or aging **(teo da)**

crust

dried exudate covering an eroded or weeping area of skin **(vảy da)**

erosion

lesion that’s caused by loss of epidermis

excoriation

linearly scratched or abraded area **(trầy da)**

fissures

linear cracks in the skin that extend into the dermal layer (**khe rãnh, nứt)**

ex: chapped skin

keloid

hypertrophied scar

lichenification

characterized by thick, roughened skin and exaggerated skin lines **(liken hóa, hằn cổ trâu)**

scales

thin, dry flakes of shedding skin **(vảy)**

scars

fibrous tissue caused by trauma, deep inflammation or surgical incision **(sẹo)**

ulcer

an epidermal and dermal destruction that may extend into the subcutaneous tissue **(loét)**

patch test

* test that identifies allergies to substances
* during this test, paper that has been saturated with a possible allergen is applied to the skin → positive if redness or swelling develops

scratch test

* test to detect allergies
* inserting small amounts of possible allergens into scratches on the skin surface and watching for a sensitivity reaction

Tzanck test

* test to identify Herpes virus infection
* smearing vesicular fluid or drainage from an ulcer on a glass slide, then staining the slide with chemicals and examining under a microscope

a culture

* a method to isolate and identify infectious agent
* a sample of tissue is placed in a jellylike medium that provied nutrients for microorganisms to grow

a sensitivity test

a test to determine the drug that will best treat an infection

skin biopsy

a test that is used to test a small piece of tissue from a lesion suspected of malignancy or other disorder

shave biopsy

the lesion is shaved above the skin line, leaving the lower layers of dermis intact

punch biopsy

an oval plug is removed from the center of a lesion

excision biopsy

remove the entire lesion

smear test

cells are spread on the slide and studied under a microscope

phototesting

small areas of skins are exposed to UV to detect photosensitivity

Wood’s light

an UV light that is used to diagnose **tinea capitis** (hairs infected by this fungus appear fluorescent)

impetigo

* a contagious, superficial skin infection that is usually caused by *Staphylococcus aureus*
* macules → vesicles → pustular with a honey-colored crust

cellulitis

an inflammation of subcutaneous or dermal tissues caused by a bacterial infection

folliculitis

a bacterial infection of the hair follicles that’s usually cause by *S.aureus*

furuncle

something begins deep in the hair follicles → spreads to surrounding tissue and produces **carbuncles**

What are 3 different types of Herpes?

* HSV1: caused painful cold sores and fever blisters
* HSV2: genital Herpes
* Herpes zoster (shingles): caused by varicella-zoster

spinal ganglia

lesion appear along the spinal nerve fibers outside the CNS

verrucae

* common, harmless infections of the skin caused by the human papillomavirus
* can be transmitted by direct contact
* also called warts

What are the different types of verrucae?

1. common (verruca vulgaris)
2. filiform (stalklike, horny projection in face, neck)
3. flat
4. genital (condyloma acuminatum)
5. periungual (in toenails or fingernails)
6. plantar

pediculosis

infestation of bloodsucking lice

Ex:

pediculus humanus captis (head louse)

pediculus humanus corporis (body louse)

phthirus pubis (pubis louse)

scabies

a parasitic infection that is caused by a female mite that penetrates and burrows into the skin

dermatophytosis

a general name of fungal infection

tinea barbae

a fungal infection that affects the bearded area of the face and neck

tinea capitis

a fungal infection that cause patchy hair loss and scaling

tinea corporis

a fungal infection that affects the body and produces lesions with a ring-shaped appearance

tinea cruris - jock itch

a fungal infection that produces red, raised itchy lesions on the groin and surrounding area

tinea pedis - athelete’s foot

a fungal infection that causes scaling and maceration between the toes, severe itching and pain

tinea unguium - onychomycosis

a fungal infection that starts at the tip of one or more toenails and produces gradual thickening, discoloration and crumbling of the nails

candidiasis - moniliasis

* a mild, superficial fungal infection of the skin, nails or mucous membrane
* often found in **diaper rash** and **vaginal infections**

thrush

a fungal infection of the oral mucous membrane caused by *Candida albicans*

contact dermatitis

direct contact with an irritant causes the epidermis to become inflammed and damaged

atopic dermatitis - eczema

a chronic inflammatory response caused dry, itchy skin and rashes on the face, elbows, hands, feet and behind the knees