Semester 2 Final Biology

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109 Terms

1
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What is the term for a feature that allows an organism to survive better in its environment?
adaptation
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The remnant of an organ that had a function in an early ancestor is known as a
vestigial structure
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What observations did Charles Darwin make about flinches in the Galápagos Islands?
different species on different islands
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Which scientist developed a classification system for organisms?
Linnaeus
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Which theory states that floods and earthquakes have occurred often in Earth’s history?
Catastrophism
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What is the process in which humans breed organisms for certain traits?
artificial selection
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Individuals that are well adapted to their environment will survive and produce…
more offspring
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All the individuals of a species that live in a particular area are called a
population
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Which scientist proposed that if an organism used a structure so much that it grew, the trait of that larger structure could be passed to its offspring?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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The theory that landforms on Earth’s surface, such as mountains, waterfalls, and canyons, were created as the result of sudden spectacular events is called the theory of
gradualism
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Charles Lyell developed a theory that states that geological processes that shaped the Earth in the past have stayed the same throughout time. This is the theory of
uniformitarianism
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If two species have similar DNA sequences, it would indicate that they share
a common ancestor
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Give some evidence for a past evolutionary relationship can be seen in different groups of vertebrates?
similar features in embryo
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As an environment changes, and some organisms have a higher fitness than others, natural selection acts directly on…
existing variations
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The DNA sequences of whales and ungulates, or hooved animals, are very similar. What type of evidence of evolution is this?
molecular evolution
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Differences in courtship or mating
behavioral isolation
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Physical barriers dividing populations
geographic isolation
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Timing of reproduction periods
temporal isolation
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Evolution towards similar traits in unrelated species
convergent
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Different traits in closely related species
divergent
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The rise of two or more species from one existing species
speciation
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List two random processes that can change gene pools
mutation and recombination
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When two species evolve with each other
coevolution
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The total and permanent disappearance of a species from Earth is called
extinction
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Fossils that consist of minerals that have filled in an open mold of an organism are called
natural cast
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Fossils of organisms that exist only during specific spans of time
index fossils
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The smallest unit of geological time is
epochs
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How old is Earth?
4\.6 billion years
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What experiment demonstrated that Earth could produce amino acids and nucleotides?
the Miller-Urey experiment
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Scientists hypothesize that cyanobacteria changed the early Earth by…
giving off oxygen
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The evolution of sexual reproduction resulted in…
increased genetic variation
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The first land organisms emerged during the
paleozoic era
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The Age of Reptiles is the term often used to describe which era?
Mesozoic
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What group of animals includes modern humans?
primates
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Fossil evidence suggests Homo sapiens first appeared
200,000 years ago
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A mammoth frozen in ice in Siberia is an example of
preserved remains
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The Cretaceous is an example of a
period
38
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Give an important adaptive advantage of walking upright
frees hands for foraging, carrying infants and food, and using tools
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The rapid diversification of species that occurred in the early Paleozoic era is called the
Cambrian Explosion
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A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area is called a
population
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The variety of living things in an ecosystem
biodiversity
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What organism helps convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia in the nitrogen cycle?
bacteria
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Organisms that feed on dead or decaying matter are called
detrivores
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Which group of organisms provides most of the energy in ecosystems?
producers
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An organism that has an unusually large effect on an ecosystem is called a
keystone species
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a major regional or global community of organisms is called a
biome
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Which model shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
pyramid of numbers
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A model that shows a single sequence of feeding relationships is called a
food chain
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What compares energy used by producers and other trophic levels?
an energy pyramid
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What does primary consumers eat?
producers
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What does secondary consumers eat?
primary consumers
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What do tertiary consumers eat?
secondary consumers
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Which trophic level has the most available energy?
1st or lowest
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How much energy is lost between each energy level?
90%
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When two species compete for the same resource, they sometimes divide this resource. This is an example of
niche partitioning
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Hawks and foxes compete to eat field mice. This is a form of
interspecific competition
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When both species benefit
mutualism
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when one species benefits and the other is unharmed
commensalism
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When one species benefits and the other is harmed
parasitism
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The mantella frog and poison dart frog occupy similar niches in similar habitats in different parts of the world. Because of this, they are considered to be
ecological equivalents
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A leech feeding on a host’s blood is an example of what type of relationship?
parasitism
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To measure population density, you must divide the number of individuals living in a defined space by the
area of the space
63
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Nesting birds often space themselves evenly from the other nests. This pattern is called
uniform dispersion
64
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Which type of organism would be most likely to have a type II survivorship curve?
one is preyed their whole life
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Which two factors will increase the size of population?
immigration and birth
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Predation, competition, parasitism, and disease are examples of
density-dependent limiting factor
67
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The first species is an area that colonizes after the ecosystem is damaged is a
pioneer species
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Organisms are named and classified based on physical characteristics in
cladograms
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List the Linnaean Taxa in the correct order from general to specific
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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What is defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring?
species
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What is at the top of the cladogram?
clade
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What is the bars that show the species?
node
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What are the slashes that show the common characteristics?
derived character
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Carl Woese divided the kingdom Monera into the kingdoms Bacteria and
Archaea
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A  group of organisms in a classification system is called a
taxon
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Which type of molecular clock is used to measure evolutionary time between the most distantly related organisms?
ribosomal RNA
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a scientific name consists of the
genus capitalized and species lowercased
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This group of organisms are the most abundant group of organisms on Earth?
bacteria
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What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Modern classification is mainly based on
phylogeny
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What are the three groups of modern amphibians?
salamanders, frogs, caecilians
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Two adaptations that make some fish extremely efficient predators?
lateral line and jaws
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The chief function of an amniotic egg is to…
keep embryo from drying out
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Main function of gills?
take in dissolved oxygen and release carbon dioxide
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What passes through a chordate’s pharyngeal slits?
Water
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How do lampreys hold on to their prey?
suckers
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What is the term for the fan-shaped array of bones in fish such as goldfish and tuna?
ray-finned
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The coelacanth belongs to which group of fish?
lobe-finned
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Which animals were the first to develop four limbs?
amphibians
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Sharks have skeletons made of
cartilage
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A fish’s swim bladder helps it…
float
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Which of the following is a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy?
placenta
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What are the four chordate features?
notochord, pharyngeal slits, hollow nerve cord, tail
94
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Compared to an ectotherm, an endothermic must
use metabolic heat to keep tissues warm
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Which unique features of a reptile’s circulatory system allows it to maintain blood flow to the body when it’s not breathing?
single ventricle
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Synapsids, anapids, and diapids are all groups of…
reptiles
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What adaptation of early reptiles allowed vertebrates to evolve in land environments?
membranous amniotic egg
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Fossils evidence suggest that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs that ran to catch prey. This evidence supports the hypothesis that…
flight originated with use of wings for balance
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Characteristics of mammals
hair, jaw, middle ear containing 3 bones, mammary glands
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Which reptilian traits or structures have monotremes retained?
a sprawling posture, cloaca, amniotic egg with leathery shell