Chapter 15 and 16 Physical Wellness: Addiction

Physical Dimension

Increased likelihood of disease, disability, and premature death

Dimensions of Addictive Behaviors

Physical

Psychological

Spiritual

Social

Intellectual

Environmental

Psychological Dimension

• Shame and guilt

• Depression and anxiety

Spiritual Dimension

Lose sense of self and connection with a higher power

Social Dimension

Withdrawal from others

Intellectual Dimension

• Logic and reasoning break down

• Impulses are difficult to control

Environmental Dimension

Behavior can lead to injury and damage

Addictive behaviors

• Excitement

• Escape mental boredom

Excitement

Physical relaxation

Escape mental boredom

sensory stimulation

DSM-5 Classification or just DSM

Psychiatric classifications for addiction

Types of action

locally, generally, selectively

locally examples

Lidocane shot that numbed an aching tooth

general example

Anesthesia

Selectively examples

epidural

Additive

Increase the effect of both drugs

Synergistic

drugs work together well (nothing increases or decreases)

Potentiating

One or the other is raised

Antagonistic

Both drugs drop

Routes of administration

Inhalation

Oral dosage

Subcutaneous injection

Intravenous injection

Intramuscular injection

Caffeine intoxication

Restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, and other symptoms

OTC

Over-the-counter

Psychological dependence

You think that you need it

Physical dependence

your body will tell you need it

Intoxication

maladaptive behaviors

Withdrawal

negative symptoms that begin to occur when a person stop using

Comorbid

mental health disorders and drug use often go hand in hand

Binge drinking for a man

having 5 or more drinks in 2 hours

Binge drinking for a woman

having 4 or more drinks 2 hours

BAC

Blood alcohol concentration

Breath or urine samples

How BAC is collected

The harder and faster the alcohol hits you

the stronger the drink

The more alcohol you put in your body

the higher your BAC

Expectations

Anticipated effects of alcohol can influence behaviors

Drinking companions

people around you can influence your sense of inebriation

Physical tolerance

regular alcohol consumption may decrease the apparent effects of alcohol

Alcohol intoxication effects

range from mild inebriation to full loss of consciousness

Alcohol use disorder

a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to significant impairment or distress

Key concepts of gambling

• All gambling problems including mild or occasional

• Males more likely than females

• Whites more likely to report past-year gambling

Persistent Gamblers

Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior

Gambling addictions have a similar effect…

to other addictions

Drug Use on Campus

• College men are more likely to use drugs than women

• Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug on campuses

• Nonmedical use of prescription drugs outranks other forms of substance use

• Twelve percent of college students reported misusing prescription in the past year

Three reasons why students don’t use drugs

Lack of interest, spirituality and religion, Academic engagement

Three reasons why students use drugs

Genetics and family history, mental health problems, Social influences

Caffeine intoxication

Restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, and other symptoms

Abuse of drugs

Pattern of use resulting in negative consequences or impairment

Dependence on drugs

Pattern in continuing substance use despite undesirable symptoms

Misuse of drugs

Taking drug for purpose or by a person other than the one intended

Diversion of drugs

Transfer of medication from person it was prescribed to another

Interaction with other drugs or alcohol

additive, synergistic, potentiating, antagonistic

High-energy, caffeinated beverages

Unregulated; dangerous effects if mixed with drugs or alcohol

The annual impact of inadvertent errors

125,000 deaths, more than $8.5 billion in hospital costs

OTC drugs

Over the counter drugs

What is marijuana considered?

the most widely used illicit drug

Intravenous injection (IV)

administering a liquid in the vein

Intramuscular injection

administering medicine directly in to the muscle

Subcutaneous injection

injection that inserted in the softer layer of the skin

Nonadherence

Most common problem; ask how to take medicine

Side effects

Physical and psychological effects are possible

Drug interactions

OTC and prescription drugs react together

Generic drugs

same active ingredient but cheaper (not always effective)

Buying drugs online

Some online distributors ignore or sidestep regulations

Polyabuse of drugs

Most users who have drug preferences but use many types of drugs

Coexisting conditions

Mental disorders and substance use are often comorbid (hand in hand)

Neurobiology of dependence

Dopamine release from drugs can change pathways in the brain

Psychology of vulnerability

Depression, difficulty controlling impulses, lack of values

Intoxication

maladaptive behaviors

Withdrawal

negative symptoms that occur when a person stops using

What about prescription drugs on campus?

About 11 percent of college students report using drugs not prescribed for them

What is AA

Alcohol Anonymous

Binge drinking for men

having five or more alcoholic drink in 2 hours

Binge drinking for women

having four or more drinks in 2 hours

Binge drinkers are more likely to be

Male, white, under 24 years old, involved in athletics

Legal limit of alcohol

Below 0.08%

Pass out

Possible at 0.2%

Coma

Possible at 0.3%

Death

Possible over 0.4%

How much, the stronger you drink, and how often you drink

the faster and harder the alcohol hits

The types of alcohol your drinking

the more alcohol, the higher the BAC

Mixers

carbon dioxide increases absorption

Your size

larger people get drunk slowly

Gender

alcohol has a greater effect on women

Age

alcohol’s effects increase in people 50 years and up

Race

decreased breakdown of alcohol among Asians and Native Americans, resulting in a higher BAC

Other drugs

Tylenol and ulcer medications interfere with alcohol absorption

Family history of alcoholism

some children of alcoholics don’t develop any typical behavioral symptoms associated with drinking

Eating

foods slow alcohol absorptions

Expectations

anticipated effects of alcohol can influence behaviors

Drinking companions

people around you can influence your sense of inebriation

Physical intolerance

regular alcohol consumption, may decrease the apparent effects of alcohol

Benefits of alcohol are age-related

Increased risk of death for those under the age of 40

Alcohol-related problems occur at every drinking level

increase fivefold at 3 drinks

Alcohol poisoning symptoms

Mental confusion, coma, cannot be roused, vomiting, hypothermia

Digestive system

Triggers secretion of stomach acids

Digestive system: liver converts alcohol to fat

can result in cirrhosis and hepatitis

Weight and waist

Alcohol has almost as many calories per gram as fat and can lead to weight gain

Cardiorespiratory system

both positive and negative effects depending on the amount of alcohol consumed

Cancer

May contributed to 10% of cases

Brain and behavior

Impaired motor skills, sexual function, and perceptions

Hydrogenase

enzyme that breaks down alcohol